\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article} % packages \usepackage{xeCJK} \usepackage{geometry} % 用于设置上下左右页边距 \geometry{ left=1.9cm, right=1.9cm, top=2.54cm, bottom=2.54cm } \usepackage{indentfirst} \setlength{\parindent}{2em} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,bm} \usepackage{array} \usepackage{longtable} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max} \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min} \DeclareMathOperator*{\diag}{diag} \DeclareMathOperator*{\maximize}{maximize} \DeclareMathOperator*{\minimize}{minimize} \DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{tr} \DeclareMathOperator{\vect}{vec} \newcommand{\Tran}{\mathsf{T}} \newcommand{\Herm}{\mathsf{H}} \newcommand{\diff}{\mathop{}\!\mathrm{d}} \newcommand{\appref}[1]{附录~\ref{#1}} % align/gather 等 amsmath 多行环境不走 TeX 原生 $$,紧贴标题(垂直模式起排)时会比 % equation/\[\] 多出约一行空白(后者借 $$ 的 \predisplaysize 特判吸收掉行首间距)。 % 当需要编号贴在末行、不能用 equation+aligned(其号垂直居中)时,在标题与该公式之间 % 插入 \tightalign 抵消多出的一行。 \newcommand{\tightalign}{\vspace*{-\baselineskip}} \usepackage{arydshln} \usepackage[ hidelinks, bookmarksopen = true, bookmarksnumbered, hypertexnames = false, colorlinks = true, allcolors = blue ]{hyperref} \usepackage{bookmark} \usepackage[ backend=biber, style=ieee, maxcitenames=1, mincitenames=1, url=false, doi=false, isbn=false]{biblatex} % \addbibresource{IEEEabrv.bib} \addbibresource{ref.bib} \usepackage[inline]{enumitem} \setlist[itemize]{itemindent=3em,listparindent=2em,leftmargin=0pt,itemsep=0pt, topsep=0pt, parsep=0pt, partopsep=0pt} \setlist[enumerate]{itemindent=3em,listparindent=2em,leftmargin=0pt,itemsep=0pt, topsep=0pt, parsep=0pt, partopsep=0pt} \usepackage[most]{tcolorbox} \newenvironment{mdquote}{ \begin{tcolorbox}[ colback=gray!12, colframe=gray!40, boxrule=0pt, left=6pt, right=6pt, top=6pt, bottom=6pt, arc=2pt, breakable, before skip=4pt, after skip=4pt ] \setlength{\parindent}{2em} }{ \end{tcolorbox} } \usepackage{caption} \captionsetup[figure]{font=small} \usepackage{titlesec} \titlespacing*{\section}{0pt}{*0}{*0} % 左边缩进 = 0pt,上间距 = 0,下间距 = 0 \titlespacing*{\subsection}{0pt}{*0}{*0} % 左边缩进 = 0pt,上间距 = 0,下间距 = 0 \titlespacing*{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*0}{*0} % 左边缩进 = 0pt,上间距 = 0,下间距 = 0 % \paragraph 默认为 run-in 标题(其文字延迟到下一段 \everypar 注入)。当其后紧跟 % 显示公式(无正文可并入)时,孤立标题会成为段首行并保留 \parindent,渲染成缩进/居中 % 错位;改为 block 形状即标题独占一行、左对齐,与其余标题层级一致。 % 第 4 级标题用独立阿拉伯编号(1. 2. …),不挂上级号以免出现 D.1.1.1 这种过深编号; % 计数器在 subsection 与 subsubsection 两级均归零(默认只随 subsubsection 归零, % 但 F.4 等直接挂 subsection 的情形需补上 subsection 触发)。 \setcounter{secnumdepth}{4} \renewcommand{\theparagraph}{\arabic{paragraph}} \makeatletter \@addtoreset{paragraph}{subsection} \makeatother \titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}{\theparagraph.}{0.5em}{} \titlespacing*{\paragraph}{0pt}{*0}{*0} \usepackage[acronym]{glossaries} \glsdisablehyper% \setacronymstyle{short-long} \newacronym{aoa}{AoA}{Angle-of-Arrival} \newacronym{cml}{CML}{Conditional Maximum Likelihood} \newacronym{crb}{CRB}{Cramér–Rao Bound} \newacronym{crlb}{CRLB}{Cramér–Rao Lower Bound} \newacronym{cdml}{CDML}{Concentrated Deterministic Maximum Likelihood} \newacronym{cpi}{CPI}{Coherent Processing Interval} \newacronym{cp}{CP}{continuous-phase} \newacronym{csml}{CSML}{Concentrated Stochastic Maximum Likelihood} \newacronym{dml}{DML}{Deterministic Maximum Likelihood} \newacronym{doa}{DoA}{Direction-of-Arrival} \newacronym{ecef}{ECEF}{Earth-centered, Earth-fixed} \newacronym{eci}{ECI}{Earth-centered Inertial} \newacronym{efim}{EFIM}{equivalent Fisher information matrix} \newacronym{esprit}{ESPRIT}{Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariant Techniques} \newacronym{fdoa}{FDOA}{Frequency Difference of Arrival} \newacronym{fim}{FIM}{Fisher Information Matrix} \newacronym{ip}{IP}{independent-phase} \newacronym{leo}{LEO}{Low Earth Orbit} \newacronym{mle}{MLE}{Maximum Likelihood Estimation} \newacronym{mse}{MSE}{Mean Square Error} \newacronym{music}{MUSIC}{MUtiple SIgnal Classification} \newacronym{pdf}{PDF}{Probability Density Function} \newacronym{rmse}{RMSE}{Root-Mean Square Error} \newacronym{sml}{SML}{Stochastic Maximum Likelihood} \newacronym{tdoa}{TDOA}{Time Difference of Arrival} \newacronym{ula}{ULA}{Uniform Linear Array} \newacronym{uml}{UML}{Unconditional Maximum Likelihood} \newacronym{upa}{UPA}{Uniform Planar Array} \title{DoA 与 Doppler 估计} \author{Josh Gao} \date{\today} \linespread{1.5} \allowdisplaybreaks[4] \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{0pt} \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{0pt} \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} 使用通信信号估计来波方向与 Doppler 参数,是通信感知一体化和低轨卫星协作感知中的基础问题。 本文以学习笔记的方式记录这一问题的递进路径:每节只沿一个维度推进模型,其余维度保持最简形态。 正文从多快拍单阵列确定信号 \gls{doa} 估计出发,依次引入 Doppler、多星几何,并以多用户与星间时间戳误差两节给出后续方向所需的模型接口与初步分析;随后转入多帧连续相位结构,最后以从全局方向到用户三维位置的输出参数化收尾,为多星协作定位等拓展方向提供模型接口。 正文仅写到集中似然的最终形式与 \gls{efim} 的 Schur complement 表达式,详细矩阵代入与逐步化简见附录。 附录按``是否共享推导框架''组织:单阵列三种 \gls{crb} 合并为\appref{sec:singleArrayCrb},多星静态模型为\appref{sec:A6_multiArrayStatDetDoaDopplerCrb},时间戳误差 \gls{fim} 分析为\appref{sec:timestampErrCrb},多帧动态模型的连续/独立相位对比为\appref{sec:multiFrameCrb},用户三维位置 \gls{crb} 为\appref{sec:userPositionCrb}。 \end{abstract} \input{parts/preface.tex} \input{parts/sec1_singleArrayDoa.tex} \input{parts/sec2_singleArrayDoaDoppler.tex} \input{parts/sec3_multiSatSingleUser.tex} \input{parts/sec4_multiSatMultiUser.tex} \input{parts/sec5_timestampError.tex} \input{parts/sec6_multiFrameCp.tex} \input{parts/sec7_userPositioning.tex} % \input{parts/sec8_beamforming.tex} % 预留,本次不展开 \appendix \renewcommand{\thesection}{\texorpdfstring{\Alph{section}}{附录 \Alph{section}}} \titleformat{\section}{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}{附录~\thesection}{1em}{} \titlespacing*{\section}{0pt}{*0}{*0} \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\Alph{section}.\arabic{subsection}} \renewcommand{\thesubsubsection}{\Alph{section}.\arabic{subsection}.\arabic{subsubsection}} \renewcommand{\theequation}{\Alph{section}.\arabic{equation}} \newpage \input{parts/A-symbolIndex.tex} \newpage \input{parts/B-mathBackground.tex} \newpage \input{parts/C-classicalDoa.tex} \newpage \input{parts/D-singleArrayCrb.tex} \newpage \input{parts/E-multiSatStaticCrb.tex} \newpage \input{parts/F-timestampErrCrb.tex} \newpage \input{parts/G-multiFrameCrb.tex} \newpage \input{parts/H-userPositionCrb.tex} \newpage \renewcommand*{\bibfont}{\footnotesize} \printbibliography \end{document}