新增 .gitignore 项目规则、CLAUDE.md(含 git 规范)、 agent_instruction.md 重构指导。作为 agent_instruction.md 阶段 1 之前的回滚锚点。
396 lines
16 KiB
TeX
396 lines
16 KiB
TeX
\section{动态 DoA--Doppler 估计在独立相位模型下的 CRB 推导}
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\label{sec:A8_dynIndependentPhaseCrb}
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本附录仅对应第~\ref{subsec:independentPhaseModel} 小节中的独立相位基线模型。这里的``独立相位''是指:每个观测块 $(\ell,p)$ 具有各自的\emph{独立未知初始相位} $\vartheta_{\ell,p}$,这些相位不再受同一颗卫星公共相位的结构约束;但它们仍是\emph{确定性未知参数},而不是按某个先验分布生成的随机变量。因此,本附录与正文及 \ref{sec:A7_dynDoaDopplerCrb} 一样,采用\emph{确定性参数 CRB},而不再引入 hybrid CRB。
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主参数统一定义为
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\begin{equation}
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\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}
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=
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\begin{bmatrix}
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\alpha \\
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\beta \\
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\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}
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\end{bmatrix},
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\qquad
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\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}\in\mathbb R^3,
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\end{equation}
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并继续将 $\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}$ 作为干扰参数处理。为避免与正文和 \ref{sec:A7_dynDoaDopplerCrb} 重复,这里只保留独立相位模型对应的最小定义、导数记号与 EFIM 结构。
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\subsection{沿用正文独立相位模型的最小定义与导数记号}
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沿用第~\ref{subsec:independentPhaseModel} 小节中的块级独立相位建模。对任意卫星 $\ell=0,\ldots,L-1$ 与帧 $p=0,\ldots,P-1$,定义局部归一化 Doppler 为
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\begin{equation}
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\bar\nu_{\ell,p}
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\triangleq
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\nu_\ell + \dot\nu_\ell\tau_p,
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\label{eq:A8_IP_baromega}
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\end{equation}
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其中
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\begin{equation}
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\nu_\ell = f_{\nu,\ell}(\boldsymbol\xi,\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}),
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\qquad
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\dot\nu_\ell = f_{\dot\nu,\ell}(\boldsymbol\xi,\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}).
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\label{eq:A8_IP_omegagamma_map}
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\end{equation}
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于是独立相位模板写为
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\begin{equation}
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\phi^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}(t)
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=
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\bar\nu_{\ell,p} t + \frac{1}{2}\dot\nu_\ell t^2,
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\qquad
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t=0,\ldots,T-1.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_phase_template}
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\end{equation}
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对应的时间模板与空时模板分别定义为
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}
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\triangleq
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\begin{bmatrix}
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s_p(0)e^{j\phi^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}(0)} \\
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s_p(1)e^{j\phi^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}(1)} \\
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\vdots \\
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s_p(T-1)e^{j\phi^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}(T-1)}
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\end{bmatrix}
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\in\mathbb C^{T\times 1},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_qdef}
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}
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\triangleq
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\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}\otimes \mathbf a_\ell(\boldsymbol\xi)
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\in\mathbb C^{M_\ell T\times 1}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_gdef}
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\end{equation}
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于是向量化观测模型为
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\begin{equation}
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\tilde{\mathbf y}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}
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=
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\zeta_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}
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\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}(\boldsymbol\xi,\nu_{\mathrm{ref}},\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}})
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+ \tilde{\mathbf n}_{\ell,p},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_model}
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\end{equation}
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其中
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\begin{equation}
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\tilde{\mathbf n}_{\ell,p}\sim\mathcal{CN}(\mathbf 0,\sigma_{n,\ell}^2\mathbf I_{M_\ell T}),
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\qquad
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\ell=0,\ldots,L-1,\qquad
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p=0,\ldots,P-1.
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\end{equation}
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正文 MLE 中可直接把 $\zeta_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}$ 作为自由复增益消元;本附录为了构造实参数 Fisher 信息矩阵,将其写作极坐标形式
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\begin{equation}
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\zeta_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}
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=
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\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}e^{j\vartheta_{\ell,p}},
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\qquad
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\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}\in\mathbb R_{\ge0}.
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\end{equation}
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这里的 $\vartheta_{\ell,p}$ 是第 $(\ell,p)$ 个观测块的独立未知初始相位;与连续相位模型相比,跨帧绝对相位连续性已经被这些块级相位参数吸收。
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对角度参数 $x\in\{\alpha,\beta\}$,记
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf a_{\ell,x}
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\triangleq
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\frac{\partial \mathbf a_\ell(\boldsymbol\xi)}{\partial x}.
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\end{equation}
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由链式法则可得
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial x}
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=
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j\left[
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\left(
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\frac{\partial \nu_\ell}{\partial x}
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+
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\tau_p\frac{\partial \dot\nu_\ell}{\partial x}
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\right)
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\operatorname{diag}(0,1,\ldots,T-1)
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+
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\frac{1}{2}
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\frac{\partial \dot\nu_\ell}{\partial x}
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\operatorname{diag}(0^2,1^2,\ldots,(T-1)^2)
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\right]
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\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_qx}
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\end{equation}
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又由于
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \nu_\ell}{\partial \nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}=1,
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\qquad
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\frac{\partial \dot\nu_\ell}{\partial \dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}=1,
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\end{equation}
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这里同样采用正文中的加性参考星参数化;若改用一般映射,则 $\partial\nu_\ell/\partial\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}$ 与 $\partial\dot\nu_\ell/\partial\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}$ 应替换为对应的链式法则结果。
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因此
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}
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=
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j\operatorname{diag}(0,1,\ldots,T-1)\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_qomega}
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}
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=
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j\left[
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\tau_p\operatorname{diag}(0,1,\ldots,T-1)
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+
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\frac{1}{2}\operatorname{diag}(0^2,1^2,\ldots,(T-1)^2)
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\right]
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\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_qgamma}
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\end{equation}
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于是模板导数可统一写为
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\alpha}
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\triangleq
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\frac{\partial \mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \alpha}
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=
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\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}\otimes \mathbf a_{\ell,\alpha}
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+
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \alpha}\otimes \mathbf a_\ell,
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\beta}
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\triangleq
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\frac{\partial \mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \beta}
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=
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\mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}\otimes \mathbf a_{\ell,\beta}
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+
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \beta}\otimes \mathbf a_\ell,
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\nu}
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\triangleq
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\frac{\partial \mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}
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=
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}\otimes \mathbf a_\ell,
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\dot\nu}
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\triangleq
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\frac{\partial \mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}
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=
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\frac{\partial \mathbf q^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}}\otimes \mathbf a_\ell.
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\end{equation}
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为后续紧凑书写,定义
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\begin{equation}
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\mathbf D^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu,\ell,p}
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\triangleq
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\begin{bmatrix}
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\alpha} &
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\beta} &
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\nu} &
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\mathbf d^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p,\dot\nu}
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\end{bmatrix}
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\in\mathbb C^{M_\ell T\times 4}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_Detadotnu}
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\end{equation}
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\subsection{完整参数的 Fisher 信息矩阵}
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定义独立相位模型的干扰参数向量为
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\begin{equation}
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\boldsymbol\psi_{\mathrm{ip},\mu}
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=
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\Big[
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\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}},
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\{\vartheta_{\ell,p}:\ell=0,\ldots,L-1,\ p=0,\ldots,P-1\},
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\{\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}:\ell=0,\ldots,L-1,\ p=0,\ldots,P-1\}
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\Big]^{\Tran},
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\end{equation}
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并令总参数向量为
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\begin{equation}
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\boldsymbol\kappa_{\mathrm{ip}}
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=
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\begin{bmatrix}
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\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}^{\Tran} & \boldsymbol\psi_{\mathrm{ip},\mu}^{\Tran}
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\end{bmatrix}^{\Tran}.
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\end{equation}
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为简化书写,这里先假定 $\{\sigma_{n,\ell}^2\}$ 已知;关于未知噪声方差的情形将在附录末尾补充说明。
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对任意实参数 $\kappa_i$ 与 $\kappa_j$,Fisher 信息矩阵元素统一写为
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\begin{equation}
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[\mathcal I(\boldsymbol\kappa_{\mathrm{ip}})]_{ij}
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=
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2\Re\left\{
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\frac{\partial \boldsymbol\mu^{\Herm}(\boldsymbol\kappa_{\mathrm{ip}})}{\partial \kappa_i}
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\mathbf R_n^{-1}
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\frac{\partial \boldsymbol\mu(\boldsymbol\kappa_{\mathrm{ip}})}{\partial \kappa_j}
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\right\},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_FIM_general}
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\end{equation}
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其中 $\boldsymbol\mu(\boldsymbol\kappa_{\mathrm{ip}})$ 为联合均值向量,$\mathbf R_n$ 为联合噪声协方差矩阵。
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对单个观测块 $(\ell,p)$,其均值为
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\begin{equation}
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\boldsymbol\mu^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}
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=
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\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}e^{j\vartheta_{\ell,p}}\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}.
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\end{equation}
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于是有
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \boldsymbol\mu^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial
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\begin{bmatrix}
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\alpha & \beta & \nu_{\mathrm{ref}} & \dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}
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\end{bmatrix}^{\Tran}}
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=
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\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}e^{j\vartheta_{\ell,p}}
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\mathbf D^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu,\ell,p},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_Jetadotnu_block}
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \boldsymbol\mu^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \vartheta_{\ell,p}}
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=
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j\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}e^{j\vartheta_{\ell,p}}\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_Jphase_block}
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{\partial \boldsymbol\mu^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}{\partial \rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}}}
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=
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e^{j\vartheta_{\ell,p}}\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_Jamp_block}
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\end{equation}
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注意到式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_Jphase_block} 与式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_Jamp_block} 在实参数意义下所张成的干扰子空间,等价于复向量 $\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}$ 所张成的一维复子空间。因此,对每个观测块的 $(\vartheta_{\ell,p},\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}})$ 执行 Schur 补后,可直接得到关于联合参数
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\begin{equation}
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\begin{bmatrix}
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\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}^{\Tran} & \dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}
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\end{bmatrix}^{\Tran}
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\end{equation}
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的块级等效 Fisher 信息矩阵:
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\begin{equation}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm{ext},\ell,p}
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=
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2\frac{(\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}})^2}{\sigma_{n,\ell}^2}
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\Re\left\{
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\big(\mathbf D^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu,\ell,p}\big)^{\Herm}
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\mathcal P^{\perp}_{\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}
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\mathbf D^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu,\ell,p}
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\right\},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_FIM_block_eff}
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\end{equation}
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其中
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\begin{equation}
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\mathcal P_{\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}
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\triangleq
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\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}
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\big((\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p})^{\Herm}\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}\big)^{-1}
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(\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p})^{\Herm},
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\mathcal P^{\perp}_{\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}
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\triangleq
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\mathbf I_{M_\ell T}-\mathcal P_{\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}.
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\end{equation}
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对全部卫星与全部帧求和,可得
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\begin{equation}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm{ext}}
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=
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\sum_{\ell=0}^{L-1}\sum_{p=0}^{P-1}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm{ext},\ell,p}
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=
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2\sum_{\ell=0}^{L-1}\sum_{p=0}^{P-1}
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\frac{(\rho_{\ell,p}^{\mathrm{ip}})^2}{\sigma_{n,\ell}^2}
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\Re\left\{
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\big(\mathbf D^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu,\ell,p}\big)^{\Herm}
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\mathcal P^{\perp}_{\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}}
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\mathbf D^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu,\ell,p}
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\right\}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_FIM_etadotnu}
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\end{equation}
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\subsection{\texorpdfstring{主参数 $\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}$ 的等效 Fisher 信息与 CRB}{主参数 eta_dyn 的等效 Fisher 信息与 CRB}}
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若把 $\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}$ 也视为感兴趣参数,则
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\begin{equation}
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\operatorname{CRB}_{\mathrm{ip}}(\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}},\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}})
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=
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\big(\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm{ext}}\big)^{-1}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_CRB_etadotnu}
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\end{equation}
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若仍只把 $\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}$ 作为主参数,而把 $\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}$ 作为干扰参数,则将
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\eqref{eq:A8_IP_FIM_etadotnu} 按如下方式分块:
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\begin{equation}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm{ext}}
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=
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\begin{bmatrix}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\eta} & \mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu} \\
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\dot\nu\eta} & \mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\dot\nu\dot\nu}
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\end{bmatrix},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_FIM_partition}
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\end{equation}
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于是主参数 $\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}$ 的等效 Fisher 信息矩阵为
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\begin{equation}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm e}(\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}})
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=
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\eta}
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-
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta\dot\nu}
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\big(\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\dot\nu\dot\nu}\big)^{-1}
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\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\dot\nu\eta},
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\label{eq:A8_IP_EFIM_eta}
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\end{equation}
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从而
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\begin{equation}
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\operatorname{CRB}_{\mathrm{ip}}(\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}})
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=
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\big(\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm e}(\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}})\big)^{-1}.
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\label{eq:A8_IP_CRB_eta}
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\end{equation}
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式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_EFIM_eta} 给出的正是独立相位模型下,未知 $\dot\nu_{\mathrm{ref}}$ 对主参数 $(\alpha,\beta,\nu_{\mathrm{ref}})$ 的信息损失形式。与正文研究主线一致,这里的关键不在于再引入更高维动态状态,而在于比较:在相同短窗条件下,连续相位模型和独立相位模型分别能为主参数保留多少有效信息。
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\subsection{与 A7 中 relaxed 连续相位结果的关系}
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式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_FIM_etadotnu} 给出的扩展 Fisher 信息矩阵的投影型结构与 \ref{sec:A7_dynDoaDopplerCrb} 中 relaxed 连续相位模型的结果形式一致,但两者对应的\emph{时间模板不同}:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \ref{sec:A7_dynDoaDopplerCrb} 使用的是连续相位模板 $\mathbf g^{\mathrm{cp}}_{\ell,p}$,其中通过 $t_{p,t}=\tau_p+t$ 保留了跨帧绝对相位连续性;
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\item 本附录使用的是独立相位模板 $\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}$,其中帧间常相位项已被 $\vartheta_{\ell,p}$ 吸收,只保留帧内局部相位演化。
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\end{itemize}
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因此,两类模型的差异不在 Schur 补的代数形式本身,而在模板里是否保留跨帧连续相位结构。这也正是正文中``连续相位 vs.~独立相位''对比的统计本质。
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从 EFIM 病态的角度看,独立相位模型与 relaxed 连续相位模型共享同一类投影解释。若定义白化 Jacobian
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\begin{equation}
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\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta}
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\triangleq
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\mathbf R_n^{-1/2}
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\frac{\partial\boldsymbol\mu^{\mathrm{ip}}}{\partial\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}},
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\qquad
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\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\psi}
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\triangleq
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||
\mathbf R_n^{-1/2}
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\frac{\partial\boldsymbol\mu^{\mathrm{ip}}}{\partial\boldsymbol\psi_{\mathrm{ip},\mu}},
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||
\end{equation}
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则式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_EFIM_eta} 等价于
|
||
\begin{equation}
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||
\mathcal I^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\mathrm{e}}
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||
=
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||
2\Re\left\{
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||
(\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta})^{\Herm}
|
||
\mathcal P^{\perp}_{\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\psi}}
|
||
\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta}
|
||
\right\}.
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||
\label{eq:A8_IP_EFIM_projection}
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
因此,独立相位模型下的弱可辨识方向仍由
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||
$\mathcal P^{\perp}_{\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\psi}}\bar{\mathbf J}^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\eta}$
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||
的秩和最小奇异方向决定。与 A7 中的 relaxed 连续相位模型相比,二者的主要区别不在
|
||
Schur 补代数形式,而在 $\mathbf g^{\mathrm{ip}}_{\ell,p}$ 使用局部时间索引并允许每个
|
||
$(\ell,p)$ 块具有独立相位 $\vartheta_{\ell,p}$。这些自由相位会吸收跨帧绝对相位所携带的公共
|
||
Doppler 截距信息,因此通常不会缓解 DoA--Doppler--rate 耦合,而是构成一个更保守的相干性基线。
|
||
|
||
|
||
\subsection{关于噪声方差参数的说明}
|
||
|
||
若进一步将 $\{\sigma_{n,\ell}^2\}$ 也并入待估参数,由于它们只进入协方差矩阵而不进入均值函数,因此与前述均值参数在 Fisher 信息矩阵中仍然解耦。对第 $\ell$ 颗卫星,有
|
||
\begin{equation}
|
||
\big[\mathcal I(\cdot)\big]_{\sigma_{n,\ell}^2,\sigma_{n,\ell}^2}
|
||
=
|
||
\frac{M_\ell P T}{\sigma_{n,\ell}^4}.
|
||
\end{equation}
|
||
因此,将 $\sigma_{n,\ell}^2$ 视为未知量不会改变式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_FIM_etadotnu} 与式~\eqref{eq:A8_IP_EFIM_eta} 的形式,只是在完整 Fisher 信息矩阵中附加一个与其他参数解耦的对角块。
|
||
|
||
至此,动态多帧主线的两类性能界已经形成闭环: \ref{sec:A7_dynDoaDopplerCrb} 对应连续相位/relaxed 连续相位模型,本附录对应独立相位基线模型。二者共享同一主参数 $\boldsymbol\eta_{\mathrm{dyn}}$,因而可以直接比较相位连续性对 DoA--Doppler 信息保留能力的影响。
|