add post calculas-formulas, update some configs
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@@ -158,13 +158,13 @@ social:
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E-Mail: mailto:[email protected] || fa fa-envelope
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E-Mail: mailto:[email protected] || fa fa-envelope
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#Weibo: https://weibo.com/yourname || fab fa-weibo
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#Weibo: https://weibo.com/yourname || fab fa-weibo
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#Google: https://plus.google.com/yourname || fab fa-google
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#Google: https://plus.google.com/yourname || fab fa-google
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#Twitter: https://twitter.com/yourname || fab fa-twitter
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#Twitter: https://twitter.com/josh_gao || fab fa-twitter
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#FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/yourname || fab fa-facebook
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#FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/yourname || fab fa-facebook
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#StackOverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/yourname || fab fa-stack-overflow
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#StackOverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/yourname || fab fa-stack-overflow
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#YouTube: https://youtube.com/yourname || fab fa-youtube
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#YouTube: https://youtube.com/yourname || fab fa-youtube
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#Instagram: https://instagram.com/yourname || fab fa-instagram
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#Instagram: https://instagram.com/yourname || fab fa-instagram
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#Skype: skype:yourname?call|chat || fab fa-skype
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#Skype: skype:yourname?call|chat || fab fa-skype
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CSDN: https://josh-gao.blog.csdn.net/ || fab fa-cuttlefish
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CSDN: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43870101 || fab fa-cuttlefish
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social_icons:
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social_icons:
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enable: true
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enable: true
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@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ calendar:
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# Preload styles and preconnect CDN for fonts and plugins.
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# Preload styles and preconnect CDN for fonts and plugins.
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# For more information: https://www.w3.org/TR/resource-hints/#preconnect
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# For more information: https://www.w3.org/TR/resource-hints/#preconnect
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preconnect: false
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preconnect: true
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# Set the text alignment in posts / pages.
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# Set the text alignment in posts / pages.
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text_align:
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text_align:
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@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ back2top:
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# Reading progress bar
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# Reading progress bar
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reading_progress:
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reading_progress:
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enable: false
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enable: true
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# Available values: left | right
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# Available values: left | right
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start_at: left
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start_at: left
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# Available values: top | bottom
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# Available values: top | bottom
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@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ reading_progress:
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# Bookmark Support
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# Bookmark Support
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bookmark:
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bookmark:
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enable: true
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enable: false
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# Customize the color of the bookmark.
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# Customize the color of the bookmark.
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color: "#222"
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color: "#222"
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# If auto, save the reading progress when closing the page or clicking the bookmark-icon.
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# If auto, save the reading progress when closing the page or clicking the bookmark-icon.
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+7
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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ updated_option: 'mtime'
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# Pagination
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# Pagination
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## Set per_page to 0 to disable pagination
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## Set per_page to 0 to disable pagination
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per_page: 10
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per_page: 15
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pagination_dir: page
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pagination_dir: page
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# Include / Exclude file(s)
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# Include / Exclude file(s)
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@@ -199,12 +199,12 @@ neat_js:
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related_posts:
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related_posts:
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enabled: true
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enabled: true
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filter_threshold: 0.1
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filter_threshold: 0.13
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related_count: 5
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related_count: 5
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weight:
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weight:
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title: 0.1
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title: 0.1
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description: 0.05
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description: 0
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keywords: 0.01
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keywords: 0
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tags: 0.005
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tags: 0.01
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categories: 0.005
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categories: 0.05
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text: 1
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text: 0
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@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
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---
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---
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title: {{ title }}
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title: {{ title }}
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tags:
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tags:
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categories:
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mathjax: true
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comments: true
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copyright: true
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toc:
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enable: true
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number: ture
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wrap: true
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expand_all: true
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max_depth: 4
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---
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---
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@@ -2,4 +2,14 @@
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title: {{ title }}
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title: {{ title }}
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date: {{ date }}
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date: {{ date }}
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tags:
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tags:
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categories:
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mathjax: true
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comments: true
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copyright: true
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toc:
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enable: true
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number: ture
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wrap: true
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expand_all: true
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max_depth: 4
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---
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---
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@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ date: 2021-12-08 15:28:38
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- 如何实现分数倍抽样率转换?
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- 如何实现分数倍抽样率转换?
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- 如何利用 MATLAB 实现抽样率转换?
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- 如何利用 MATLAB 实现抽样率转换?
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  多抽样率信号处理的研究对象是不同抽样率[^ChineseofSampling]下的信号,其中抽样率转换 (Sampling Rate Conversion, SRC) 是核心问题之一。早期的抽样率转换通常采用模拟方法,即将给定的抽样信号通过数模转换器 (Digital-to-Analog Converter, DAC) 转换成模拟信号 (连续时间信号),再对该模拟信号进行新的抽样,经模数转换器 (Analog-to-Digital Converter, DAC) 得到所需的抽样信号。而随着数字电路的普及和数字信号处理技术的发展,采用数字方法,即直接在离散时间域上完成抽样率转换已成为当前的主要方式。相比于模拟方法,数字方法不需要进行D/A和A/D转换,降低了系统的复杂度,同时避免了由量化、编码等过程产生的失真问题。
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  多抽样率信号处理的研究对象是不同抽样率[^SamplingRate]下的信号,其中抽样率转换 (Sampling Rate Conversion, SRC) 是核心问题之一。早期的抽样率转换通常采用模拟方法,即将给定的抽样信号通过数模转换器 (Digital-to-Analog Converter, DAC) 转换成模拟信号 (连续时间信号),再对该模拟信号进行新的抽样,经模数转换器 (Analog-to-Digital Converter, DAC) 得到所需的抽样信号。而随着数字电路的普及和数字信号处理技术的发展,采用数字方法,即直接在离散时间域上完成抽样率转换已成为当前的主要方式。相比于模拟方法,数字方法不需要进行D/A和A/D转换,降低了系统的复杂度,同时避免了由量化、编码等过程产生的失真问题。
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  本文首先回顾采样的概念;随后介绍抽样率转换的两个基本运算单元,即抽取和内插;进而讨论如何利用抽取和内插实现分数倍抽样率转换;最后介绍抽样率转换在 MATLAB 上的实现。
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  本文首先回顾采样的概念;随后介绍抽样率转换的两个基本运算单元,即抽取和内插;进而讨论如何利用抽取和内插实现分数倍抽样率转换;最后介绍抽样率转换在 MATLAB 上的实现。
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[^ChineseofSampling]: 又称采样率,在本文中,“采样”与“抽样”涵义相同,两者经常交换使用。
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[^SamplingRate]: 又称采样率,在本文中,“采样”与“抽样”涵义相同,两者经常交换使用。
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<!-- more -->
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<!-- more -->
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@@ -66,15 +66,15 @@ $$\begin{equation}
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对上式作傅里叶变换,记采样信号的频谱为 $X_s\left( j\Omega \right)$,原始信号的频谱为 $X_c\left( j\Omega \right)$,同时注意到脉冲序列的傅里叶变换依然是脉冲序列,根据卷积定理可知,采样信号与原始信号的频谱具有如下关系:
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对上式作傅里叶变换,记采样信号的频谱为 $X_s\left( j\Omega \right)$,原始信号的频谱为 $X_c\left( j\Omega \right)$,同时注意到脉冲序列的傅里叶变换依然是脉冲序列,根据卷积定理可知,采样信号与原始信号的频谱具有如下关系:
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$$\begin{equation} \label{1}
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$$\begin{equation} \label{Relationship between the spectrum of the sampled signal and the original signal}
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X_s\left( j\Omega \right) =\frac{1}{2\pi}X_c\left( j\Omega \right) \ast \frac{2\pi}{T}\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}{\delta \left( \Omega -n\Omega _s \right)}=\frac{1}{T}\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}{X_c\left( j\left( \Omega -\Omega _s \right) \right)}
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X_s\left( j\Omega \right) =\frac{1}{2\pi}X_c\left( j\Omega \right) \ast \frac{2\pi}{T}\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}{\delta \left( \Omega -n\Omega _s \right)}=\frac{1}{T}\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}{X_c\left( j\left( \Omega -\Omega _s \right) \right)}
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\end{equation}$$
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\end{equation}$$
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其中 $\Omega_s = \displaystyle\frac{2\pi}{T}=2\pi F_s$ 为采样角频率 (亦简称为采样率) 。
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其中 $\Omega_s = \displaystyle\frac{2\pi}{T}=2\pi F_s$ 为采样角频率 (亦简称为采样率) 。
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  式 $\eqref{1}$ 说明,采样信号的频谱是将原始信号频谱以 $\Omega_s$ 进行周期延拓,且幅度变为原来的 $1/T$,[图 1.1](#图1.1) 给出了该过程的示意图。显然,若采样率过低则会造成相邻周期的频谱交叠在一起产生失真,这种现象称为混叠 (aliasing)。为避免混叠,采样率应大于信号最高频率的 2 倍。在此条件下,通过适当选取一个低通滤波器,可以从采样信号的频谱恢复出原始信号的频谱。这就是著名的 Nyquist-Shannon 采样定理。
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  式 $\eqref{Relationship between the spectrum of the sampled signal and the original signal}$ 说明,采样信号的频谱是将原始信号频谱以 $\Omega_s$ 进行周期延拓,且幅度变为原来的 $1/T$,[图 1.1](#图1.1) 给出了该过程的示意图。显然,若采样率过低则会造成相邻周期的频谱交叠在一起产生失真,这种现象称为混叠 (aliasing)。为避免混叠,采样率应大于信号最高频率的 2 倍。在此条件下,通过适当选取一个低通滤波器,可以从采样信号的频谱恢复出原始信号的频谱。这就是著名的 Nyquist-Shannon 采样定理。
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<span id="图1.1"></span>
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<a id="图1.1"></a>
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<div align="center">
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<div align="center">
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<img src="https://josh-blog-1257563604.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/img/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1-010-RelationshipBetweenSampledSignalandAnalogSignal.png" width=500px alt="图1.1 采样信号与模拟信号的关系"/>
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<img src="https://josh-blog-1257563604.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/img/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1-010-RelationshipBetweenSampledSignalandAnalogSignal.png" width=500px alt="图1.1 采样信号与模拟信号的关系"/>
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</div>
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</div>
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@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ y_D\left( nT_2 \right) =x\left( nDT_1 \right)
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其中 $T_1$、$T_2$ 分别为抽取前后的采样间隔,且 $T_2 = DT_1$。[图 1.2(a)](#图1.2) 给出了 $D=3$ 时抽取过程的示意图。
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其中 $T_1$、$T_2$ 分别为抽取前后的采样间隔,且 $T_2 = DT_1$。[图 1.2(a)](#图1.2) 给出了 $D=3$ 时抽取过程的示意图。
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<span id="图1.2"></span>
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<a id="图1.2"></a>
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<div align="center">
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<div align="center">
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<img src="https://josh-blog-1257563604.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/img/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1-020-DecimationDemostration.png" width=500px alt="图1.2 抽取"/>
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<img src="https://josh-blog-1257563604.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/img/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1/2021-12-08-josh-msp-part-1-020-DecimationDemostration.png" width=500px alt="图1.2 抽取"/>
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</div>
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</div>
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---
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title: 高等数学常用公式
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mathjax: true
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comments: true
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copyright: true
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toc:
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enable: true
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number: ture
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wrap: true
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expand_all: true
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max_depth: 4
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abbrlink: 1823c9d1
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date: 2023-04-14 16:25:59
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tags:
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- 等价无穷小
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- 导数公式
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- Maclaurin 公式
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- 曲率
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- 积分公式
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- 三角函数
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categories:
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- [数学, 微积分]
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---
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# 1. 常见等价无穷小
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| :--: | :--: | :--: |
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| $\sin x \sim x$ | $\tan x \sim x$ | $\arcsin x \sim x$ |
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| $\arctan x \sim x$ | $\displaystyle\left( 1 - \cos x \right) \sim \frac{x^2}{2}$ | $\ln (1+x) \sim x$ |
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| $\left( e^x -1 \right) \sim x$ | $\left( a^x - 1 \right) \sim x \ln a$ | $\left( \left( 1+x \right) ^\alpha -1 \right) \sim \alpha x$ |
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<!-- more -->
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# 2. 导数基本公式
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| 一般函数 | 三角函数 | 反三角函数 | 双曲函数<br>(圆函数) |
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| :--: | :--: | :--: | :----: |
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| $\left( C \right)' = 0$ | $\left( \sin x \right)' = \cos x$ | $\displaystyle\left( \arcsin x \right)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$ | $\displaystyle\left( \sinh x \right)' = \left(\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}\right)' = \cosh x$ |
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| $\left( x^\alpha \right)'=\alpha x^{\alpha-1} \left( \alpha \in \mathbf{Z} \right)$ | $\left( \cos x \right)' = -\sin x$ | $\displaystyle\left( \arccos x \right)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$ | $\displaystyle\left( \cosh x \right)' = \left( \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \right)'=\sinh x$ |
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| $\displaystyle\left( \log_ax\right)'=\frac{1}{x\ln a}$ | $\displaystyle\left( \tan x \right)' = \frac{1}{\cos^2 x}=\sec^2 x$ | $\displaystyle\left( \arctan x \right)' = \frac{1}{1+x^2}$ | $\displaystyle\left( \mathrm{arsinh} \, x \right)' = \left(\ln \left( x+\sqrt{x^2 + 1} \right) \right)' = \frac{1}{x^2+1}$ |
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| $( \ln$\| $x$ \|$)'=\displaystyle\frac{1}{x}$ | $\displaystyle\left( \cot x \right)' = -\frac{1}{\sin^2 x} = -\csc^2 x$ | $\displaystyle\left( \mathrm{arccot} \, x \right)' = -\frac{1}{1+x^2}$ | $\displaystyle\left( \mathrm{arcosh} \, x \right)' = \left( \ln \left( x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right) \right)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}$
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| | $\left( \sec x \right)' = \sec x \cdot \tan x$ |
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| | $\left( \csc x \right)' = \csc x \cdot \cot x$ |
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- Newton-Leibniz 公式:
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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\left( u \cdot v \right)^{\left( n \right)} &= u^{\left( n \right)}v + nu^{\left( n-1 \right)}v' + \frac{n \left( n-1 \right)}{2!}u^{\left( n-2 \right)}v'' + \cdots + \frac{n\left( n-1 \right)\cdots\left(n-k+1\right)}{k!}u^{\left( n-k \right)}v^{(k)} + \cdots + uv^{\left( n \right)} \\
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&= \sum_{k=0}^{n}C_n^k u^{\left( u-k \right)}v^k
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\end{aligned}
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$$
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可以注意到 Newton-Leibniz 公式具有类似二项式定理展开的形式。
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# 3. 几个初等函数的 Maclaurin 公式
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## 3.1 Taylor 公式的一般形式
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$$
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f(x)=f(x_0) + f'(x_0)(x-x_0) + \frac{f''(x_0)}{2!}(x-x_0)^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0)^n + R_n
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$$
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其中
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$$
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R_n = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}(x-x_0)^{n+1} \, (\xi\,在\,x\,和\,x_0\,之间) = o\left( \left( x - x_0 \right)^n \right)(x\to x_0)
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$$
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## 3.2 Maclaurin 公式的一般形式
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$$
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f(x)=f(0)+f'(0)\,x + \frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}x^n + R_n
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$$
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其中
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$$
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R_n = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}x^{n+1} \, (\xi\,在\,0\,和\,x\,之间) = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\theta x)}{(n+1)!} x^{n+1}(0<\theta<1) = o\left( \left( x - x_0 \right)^n \right)(x\to x_0)
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$$
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|
## 3.3 指数函数的 Maclaurin 展开式
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|
$$
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|
e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} + \cdots +\frac{x^n}{n!} + \frac{e^{\theta x}}{(n+1)!}(0<\theta<1)
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$$
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## 3.4 正弦函数的 Maclaurin 展开式
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|
$$
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|
\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} + \cdots + (-1)^{m-1}\frac{x^{2m-1}}{(2m-1)!} + R_{2m}
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|
$$
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其中
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$$
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R_{2m}=\frac{\sin\left( \theta x + \frac{(2m-1)\pi}{2}\right)}{(2m+1)!}x^{2m+1} = o(x^{2m})(0<\theta <1)
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|
$$
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|
## 3.5 余弦函数的 Maclaurin 展开式
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|
$$
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|
\cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \cdots + (-1)^m\frac{x^{2m}}{2m!} + R_{2m+1}
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|
$$
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|
其中
|
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|
$$
|
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|
R_{2m+1}=\frac{\cos(\theta x + (m+1)\pi)}{(2m+2)!} x^{2m+2}=o(x^{2m+2}) (0<\theta <1)
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|
$$
|
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|
|
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|
## 3.6 $\ln (1+x)$ 的 Maclaurin 展开式
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
$$
|
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|
\ln(1+x) = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} -\frac{x^4}{4} + \cdots + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}x^n}{n} + R_n(x)
|
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|
$$
|
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|
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|
其中
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
$$
|
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|
R_n(x) = \frac{(-1)^n}{(n+1)(1+\theta x)^{n+1}}x^{n+1} = o(x^n)(0<\theta <1)
|
||||||
|
$$
|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
## 3.7 $(1+x)^\alpha$ 的 Maclaurin 展开式
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
$$
|
||||||
|
(1+x)^\alpha = 1 + \alpha x + \frac{\alpha(\alpha-1)}{2!}x^2 + \cdots + \frac{\alpha(\alpha - 1)\cdots (\alpha-n+1)}{n!}x^n + R_n(x)
|
||||||
|
$$
|
||||||
|
|
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|
其中
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
$$
|
||||||
|
R_n(x) = \frac{\alpha(\alpha -1)\cdots(\alpha-n)}{(n+1)!}(1+\theta x)^{\alpha-n-1}x^{n+1} = o(x)(0<\theta <1)
|
||||||
|
$$
|
||||||
|
|
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|
## 3.8 $\frac{1}{1-x}$ 的 Maclaurin 展开式
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
$$
|
||||||
|
\frac{1}{1-x} = 1+x+x^2+\cdots+x^n +o(x^n)
|
||||||
|
$$
|
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|
|
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|
# 4. 曲率及曲率半径
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|
|
||||||
|
| 曲率 | 曲率半径 |
|
||||||
|
| :--: | :--: |
|
||||||
|
| $K=\left\| \dfrac{\mathrm{d}\alpha}{\mathrm{d}s}\right\| \xlongequal{\tan \alpha = y' \Rightarrow \alpha = \arctan y'} \dfrac{\left\| \frac{y''}{1+y'^2}\mathrm{d}x \right\|}{\sqrt{1+y'^2}}\mathrm{d}x = \dfrac{\left\| y'' \right\|}{\left( 1 + y' \right)^\frac{3}{2}}$ | $R = \frac{1}{K}$ |
|
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|
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|
# 5. 积分常用公式
|
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|
|
||||||
|
| 序 | 描述 | 公式 |
|
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|
| :--: | :----: | :----------------------------------------------:|
|
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|
| 1 | 定积分的定义 | $\displaystyle\int^1_0f(x)\mathrm{d}x=I=\lim_{\lambda \to 0}\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i$,其中 $\lambda = \max \left\{ \Delta x_1,\Delta x_2, \cdots, \Delta x_n \right\}$ |
|
||||||
|
| 2 | 变上限积分 | $考察定积分\displaystyle\int^x_af(x)\mathrm{d}x=\int^x_af(t)\mathrm{d}t$,对 $\displaystyle\Phi(x)=\int_a^xf(t)\mathrm{d}t$,有 $\displaystyle\Phi'(x)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\int_a^xf(t)\mathrm{d}t = f(x)$ |
|
||||||
|
| 3. | — | $\displaystyle\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\int^{\beta(x)}_{\alpha(x)}f'(t)\mathrm{d}t = f\left[ \beta\left(x\right)\right]\beta'(x)-f[\alpha(x)]\alpha'(x)$ |
|
||||||
|
| 4 | 上下限对称的积分 | 若 $f(x)$ 为偶函数,则 $\displaystyle\int_{-a}^af(x)\mathrm{d}x=2\int_0^af(x)\mathrm{d}x$;若 $f(x)$ 为奇函数,则 $\displaystyle\int_{-a}^af(x)\mathrm{d}x=0$ |
|
||||||
|
| 5 | 周期函数的积分 | $\displaystyle f(x+T)=f(x)\Rightarrow\int_0^{nT}f(x)\mathrm{d}x=n\int^T_0f(x)\mathrm{d}x$ |
|
||||||
|
| 6 | 分部积分法 | $\displaystyle\int uv'\mathrm{d}x=uv - \int u'v\mathrm{d}x \Leftrightarrow \int u\mathrm{d}v = uv - \int v\mathrm{d}u$ |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 6. 基本积分表
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| 序 | 积分式 |
|
||||||
|
| :--: | :-------------------------: |
|
||||||
|
| 1 | $\displaystyle\int k\mathrm{d}x=kx+C$,特别地 $\displaystyle\int\mathrm{d}x=x+C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 2 | $\displaystyle\int x^\mu\mathrm{d}x=\frac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1}+C(\mu\ne-1)$,特别地 $\displaystyle\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2}=-\frac{1}{x}+C,\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x}}=2\sqrt{x}+C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 3 | $\displaystyle\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}=\ln \|x\|+C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 4 | $\displaystyle\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{1+x^2} = \arctan x +C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 5 | $\displaystyle\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\arcsin x+C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 6 | $\displaystyle\int\sin x\mathrm{d}x = -\cos x+C, \int\cos x\mathrm{d}x = \sin x +C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 7 | $\displaystyle\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\cos^2x} = \int\sec^2x\mathrm{d}x = \tan x +C, \int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sin^2x}=\int\csc^2x\mathrm{d}x = -\cot x +C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 8 | $\displaystyle\int a^x\mathrm{d}x = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C$,特别地 $\displaystyle\int e^x\mathrm{d}x = e^x +C$
|
||||||
|
| 9 | $\displaystyle\int \sinh x\mathrm{d}x = \cosh x + C,\int \cosh x \mathrm{d}x=\sinh x +C$ |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 7. 三角函数相关公式
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| 序 | 公式 |
|
||||||
|
| :--: | :-------------------------: |
|
||||||
|
| 1 | $\sin^2x+\cos^2x=1, \tan^2x+1=\sec^2x,\cot^2x+1=\csc^2x$ |
|
||||||
|
| 2 | $\begin{aligned}&\cosh^2x-\sinh^2x=1,\\ &\sinh(x\pm y)=\sinh x\cdot\cosh y \pm \sinh y\cdot\cosh x, \cosh(x\pm y) = \cosh x\cdot\cosh y,\\ &\sinh2x = 2\sinh x\cdot \cosh x, \cosh 2x = \cosh^2x+\sinh^2x = 2\cosh^2x - 1\end{aligned}$ |
|
||||||
|
| 3<br>积化和差公式 | $\sin\alpha\cos\beta=\frac12[\sin(\alpha+\beta)+\sin(\alpha-\beta)],\cos\alpha\sin\beta = \frac12[\sin(\alpha+\beta) - \sin(\alpha-\beta)]$ <br> $\cos\alpha\cos\beta = \frac12[cos(\alpha+\beta) + cos(\alpha - \beta)], \sin\alpha\sin\beta=-\frac12[\cos(\alpha+\beta) - \cos(\alpha-\beta)]$ |
|
||||||
|
| 4<br>和差化积公式 | $\displaystyle\sin\alpha + \sin\beta = 2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), \sin\alpha - \sin\beta = 2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right)$ <br> $\displaystyle\cos\alpha + \cos\beta = 2\cos\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), \cos\alpha - \cos\beta = -2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right) \sin\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right)$ |
|
||||||
|
| 5<br>三角代换 | $\displaystyle\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\xrightarrow{x=a\sin t}a\cos t, \sqrt{a^2+x^2} \xrightarrow{x=a\tan t}a\sec t, \sqrt{x^2-a^2}\xrightarrow{x=a\sec t}a\tan t \left( a>0,t\in\left( -\frac{\pi}{2} , \frac{\pi}{2} \right) \right)$ |
|
||||||
|
| 6 | $\displaystyle\int\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\mathrm{d}x = \frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\frac xa + \frac12x\sqrt{a^2-x^2} + C(a>0)$ |
|
||||||
|
| 7 | $\displaystyle\int\sqrt{x^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}x = \frac x2\sqrt{x^2+a^2} + \frac{a^2}2\ln \left\| x+\sqrt{x^2+a^2} \right\|+C(a>0)$ |
|
||||||
|
| 8 | $\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left\| x+ \sqrt{x^2+a^2} \right\| +C$, $\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left\| x + \sqrt{x^2+a^2}\right\|(a>0)$,特别地,$\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}\mathrm{d}x=\left(x+\sqrt{x^2+1}\right) = \mathrm{arsinh}\, x$, $\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left( x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right) = \mathrm{arcosh}\, x$ |
|
||||||
|
| 9 | $\displaystyle\int\sec x\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\cos x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{\sec^2x+\sec x \tan x}{\sec x + \tan x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\sec x + \tan x}\mathrm{d}(\sec x + \tan x) = \ln \left\| \sec x + \tan x \right\| + C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 10 | $\displaystyle\int\csc x\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left\| \tan\frac x2 \right\| + C = \frac 12 \ln \left\| \frac{1-\cos x}{1 + \cos x}\right\| + C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 11 | $\displaystyle\int\tan x\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\mathrm{d}x = -\int\frac{1}{\cos x}\mathrm{d}(\cos x) = -\ln \left\| \cos x\right\| +C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 12 | $\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{\tan x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}(\sin x) = \ln\left\| \sin x \right\| + C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 13 | $\displaystyle\int\arctan x\mathrm{d}x = x\arctan x - \ln \left\| 1+x^2 \right\| +C$ |
|
||||||
|
| 14<br>Wallis 公式 | $\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_{0}\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x = \int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_{0}\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x = \begin{cases} \displaystyle\frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdot\cdots\cdot\frac12\cdot\frac\pi2,&n为偶数 \\ \displaystyle\frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdot\cdots\cdot\frac23\cdot1,&n为奇数 \end{cases} \\ = \begin{cases} \displaystyle\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}\cdot\frac\pi2,&n为偶数 \\ \displaystyle\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!},&n为奇数 \end{cases}$ |
|
||||||
|
| 15 | $\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x = 2\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x,\int_0^\pi\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x = \begin{cases} 2\displaystyle\int^\frac\pi2_0\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x,&n为偶数 \\ 0,&n为奇数 \end{cases}$ <br> $\displaystyle\int_0^{2\pi}\sin^nx = \int_0^{2\pi}\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x = \begin{cases} 4\displaystyle\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x,&n为偶数 \\ 0,&n为奇数 \end{cases}$ <br> $\displaystyle\int_0^\frac\pi2f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x = \int_0^\frac\pi2f(\cos x)\mathrm{d}x$, $\displaystyle\int_0^\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x \ne \int_0^\pi f(\cos x)\mathrm{d}x$ <br> $\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x = \frac\pi2\int_0^\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x = \pi\int_0^\frac\pi2 f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x$ |
|
||||||
|
| 16<br>万能公式 | 令 $u=\displaystyle\tan\frac x2,x=2\arctan u$,则 $\displaystyle\sin x = \frac{2u}{1+u^2},\cos x=\frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}, \mathrm{d}x = \frac{2}{1+u^2}\mathrm{d}u$ |
|
||||||
|
| 17 | $\displaystyle\int \frac{a\cos x+ b\sin x}{c\cos x + d \sin x} = A\int\mathrm{d}x+B\int\frac{\mathrm{d}(c\cos x+d \sin x)}{c \cos x + d \sin x}$ <br> (设 $a\cos x + b\sin x = A(c \cos x + d \sin x) + B(c \cos x + d \sin x)'$,由待定系数法求出A、B)$ |
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
title: about
|
title: 关于我
|
||||||
date: 2020-11-25 16:12:56
|
date: 2020-11-25 16:12:56
|
||||||
type: about
|
type: about
|
||||||
comments: false
|
comments: false
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你好啊!
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
title: categories
|
title: 文章分类
|
||||||
date: 2020-11-24 21:28:48
|
date: 2020-11-24 21:28:48
|
||||||
type: categories
|
type: categories
|
||||||
comments: false
|
comments: false
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user