--- title: 'a, an' tags: - 牛津5000 - 英语词汇 comments: true copyright: false toc: enable: true number: true wrap: true expand_all: true max_depth: 3 categories: - 英语学习 abbrlink: 6635e93f date: 2023-04-09 00:37:24 --- # indefinite article - a ## Pronunciation - BrE: /ə/, strong form /eɪ/ - NAmE: /ə/, strong form /eɪ/ > *also* **an** > > - BrE: /ən/, strong form /æn/ > - NAmE: /ən/, strong form /æn/ > > The form **a** is used before consonant sounds and the form **an** before vowel sounds. When saying abbreviations like ‘FM’ or ‘UN’, use **a** or **an** according to how the first letter is said. For example, **F** is a consonant, but begins with the sound /e/ and so you say: *an FM radio*. **U** is a vowel but begins with /j/ and so you say: *a UN declaration*. ## Explanation 1. **{% label @A1 %}** used before countable or singular nouns referring to people or things that have not already been mentioned(用于可数名词或单数名词前,表示未曾提到的)一(人、事、物) - *a man/horse/unit* 一个人;一匹马;一个单位 - *an aunt/egg/hour/X-ray* 一位姑母;一枚鸡蛋;一小时;一张 X 光片 - *I can only carry two at a time.* 我一次只能带两个。 - *There's a visitor for you.* 有位客人找你。 - *She's a friend of my father's* (= one of my father's friends). 她是我父亲的朋友。 2. **{% label @A1 %}** used to show that somebody/something is a member of a group or profession(表示为某一群体或职业中的一员) - *Their new car's a BMW.* 他们的新轿车是辆宝马。 - *She's a Buddhist.* 她是佛教徒。 - *He's a teacher.* 他是教师。 - *Is that a Monet* (= a painting by Monet)? 那是莫奈的画吗? 3. **{% label @A1 %}** any; every 任何一;每一 - *A lion is a dangerous animal.* 狮子是猛兽。 4. **{% label @B1 %}** used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them, or phrase following them(用于前有形容词或后有短语的不可数名词前) - *a good knowledge of French* 精通法语 - *a sadness that won’t go away* 挥之不去的悲愁 5. used in front of two nouns that are seen as a single unit(用于视为一体的两个名词之前) - *a knife and fork* 一副刀叉 6. used instead of one before some numbers(用于某些数字前,代替 one) - *A thousand people were there.* 那里有一千人。 7. used when talking about prices, quantities and rates(用于价格、数量、比率等)一,每一 {% note primary Synonyms **per**%} - BrE: /pə(r)/, strong form /pɜː(r)/ - NAmE: /pər/, strong form /pɜːr/ used to express the cost or amount of something for each person, number used, distance travelled, etc. 每;每一 - *Rooms cost £50 per person, per night.* 房价每人每晚 50 英镑。 - *60 miles per hour* 每小时 60 英里 - *France consumes around 200 000 tonnes of cocoa per year.* 法国每年消费约20万吨可可。 - *This country has a higher crime rate per 100 000 of the population than most other European countries.* 这个国家的每10万人口犯罪率比大多数其他欧洲国家高。 {% endnote %} - They cost 50p a kilo.这些东西一公斤 50 便士。 - I can type 50 words a minute.我每分钟能打 50 个单词。 - He was driving at 50 miles an hour.当时他正以每小时 50 英里的速度驾车。 8. a person like somebody像(某人)的人;…式的人物 - *She's a little Hitler.* 她是个小希特勒。 9. used before somebody’s name to show that the speaker does not know the person(用于某人姓名前,表示说话者不认识此人)有个 - *There's a Mrs Green to see you.* 有位格林太太要见你。 10. used before the names of days of the week to talk about one particular day(用于一星期中某天的名称前,表示具体某一天) - *She died on a Tuesday.* 她是在某个星期二去世的。 ## Word Origin Middle English: weak form of Old English *ān* ‘one’. # noun - A ## Pronunciation - BrE: /eɪ/ - NAmE: /eɪ/ > *also* **a** > > plural **As**, **A’s**, **a’s** > > - BrE: /eɪz/ > - NAmE: /eɪz/ ## Explanation 1. \[countable, uncountable\] the first letter of the English alphabet 英语字母表的第 1 个字母 - *‘Apple’ begins with (an) A/‘A’.* apple 一词以字母 a 开头。 2. **A** \[countable, uncountable\] (music音乐) the 6th note in the scale of C major A 音(C 大调音阶的第六级音) 3. \[countable, uncountable\] **A (in/for something)** a grade that a student can get for a piece of work or course of study that shows that it is excellent(学业成绩)第一等,优,甲 - *She got (an) A in biology.* 她生物得了A。 - *He had straight A's* (= nothing but A's) *all through high school.* 他读中学时成绩全部是 A。 4. **A** \[uncountable\] used to represent the first of two or more possibilities(表示两个或更多可能性中的)第一个 - *Shall we go for plan A or plan B?* 我们采用第一方案还是第二方案? 5. **A** \[uncountable\] used to represent a person, for example in an imagined situation or to hide their identity(代表一个假设的或不指名的人)甲 - *Assume A knows B is guilty.* 假定甲知道乙有罪。 {% note primary **see also** A-frame %} - BrE: /ˈeɪ freɪm/ - NAmE: /ˈeɪ freɪm/ (*also* **A-frame house**) (*especially North American English*) a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A A 形房屋 {% endnote %} {% note primary **see also** A level %} - BrE: /ˈeɪ levl/ - NAmE: /ˈeɪ levl/ (*also* **advanced level**) \[countable, uncountable\] a British exam taken in a particular subject, usually in the final year of school at the age of 18 高级证书考试(英国中学单科考试,通常在毕业年级进行) - *You need three A levels to get onto this university course.* 你要学习这门大学课程,就需要通过三科高级证书考试。 - *What A levels are you doing?* 你在准备哪些科目的高级证书考试? - *I'm doing maths A level.* 我在准备数学高级证书考试。 - *two A level passes/two passes at A level* 两门高级证书考试及格 {% endnote %} {% note primary **see also** A-road %} - BrE: /ˈeɪ rəʊd/ - NAmE: /ˈeɪ rəʊd/ (in the UK) a road that is less important than a motorway, but wider and straighter than a B-road(英国)干线公路,A 级公路(略次于高速公路,但较 B 级公路宽直) {% endnote %} ## Idioms - **from A to B** from one place to another从一地到另一地 - *For me a car is just a means of getting from A to B.* 在我看来,汽车只不过是从一地到另一地的代步工具。 - **from A to Z** including everything there is to know about something 从头到尾;彻底地;完全 - *He knew his subject from A to Z.* 他通晓自己的学科。 # symbol - A ## Pronunciation - BrE: /eɪ/ - NAmE: /eɪ/ ## Explanation 1. used in the UK before a number to refer to a particular important road A 级公路,干线公路(英国公路代号,后接数字) - *the A34 to Newbury* 通往纽伯里的 A34 号(干线)公路 2. used (but not in the US) before numbers that show standard metric sizes of paper(除美国外,用于数字前表示标准纸张尺寸)A…纸(尺寸)' - *a sheet of **A4** paper* (= 297×210mm) 一张 A4 纸(= 297 毫米 × 210 毫米) - ***A3*** (= 420×297mm) A3 纸(= 420 毫米 × 297 毫米) - ***A5*** (= 210×148mm) A5 纸(= 210 毫米 × 148 毫米) # Abbreviation - A ## Pronunciation - BrE: /eɪ/ - NAmE: /eɪ/ ## Explanation (in writing) amp 安,安培(电流单位) # 惯用法 1. a 和 an 用法的区别,一般说来,是在以辅音开首的词前面用 a,在以元音开首的词前面用 an。不过要注意,这里说的是辅音和元音,不是辅音字母和元音字母。 - 如 hour 以辅音字母 h 开首,但读音作[ˈaʊə],是以元音开首的,所以前面该用 an,不用 a。又如 one 以元音字母 o 开首,但读音作[wʌn],是以辅音开首的,所以前面该用 a,不用 an。 - 又如 M. A.(=Master of Arts,文科硕士)里的 M 是辅音字母,但读音作[em](M. A. 读[ˈemˈeɪ]或[emˈeɪ]),所以前面该用 an,不用 a。 - MS(=manuscript,手稿)前面往往用 a 而不用 an,并不因为 M 是辅音字母,却因为读音往往作[ˈmænjʊskrɪpt]。 - 又如 8 并不是词,无所谓辅音或元音,但读音作[eɪt],所以前面该用 an,不用 a。 - & 只是一个符号,因为它的名称是 ampersand,读音作[ˈæmpəsænd],所以前面该用 an。 据有些语法书说,以[h]音开首而没有重音的音节前面该用 an,如 an historian,不作 a historian。这规则现在可说不成立了(虽然还有人——尤其是英国人——遵守着),现在尽可用 a,用 an 反嫌不自然。例如: a habitual smile, a heroic act, a historian, a hotel, a hypothesis 有些英国人,在以[juː]或[jʊ]音开首的词(如 eulogy, euphonic, European, university, united 和 usual)前面,用 an 而不用 a,在以[h]音开首的词(如 hero, history, hospital, hundred 和 hymn)前面也用 an 而不用 a,在 one 前面也用 an 而不用 a,这种人似乎现在比以前少了。 2. 哪个名词前面可以用 a(或 an),哪个名词前面不可用 a(或 an)呢? 一般说来,可数名词前面可以用 a(或 an),不可数名词前面不可用 a(或 an),如可以说 a healthy boy,却不可说 a health,可以说 a chair,却不可说 a furniture。但事实并不这样简单。所谓“可数”和“不可数”,要看那个词的正确意思而定,不可根据它的普通汉译。 - 如不可说 a fun, an information,却可以说 a pastime, a knowledge。 - 又如 dance, hurry, interest, kiss 等词前面都可以用 a(或 an)。 - 又如 with child(有孕的),in class(在教室里),take horse(上马),send word(通知)等习语里都不可用 a(或 an)。但 at a loss(不知所措的),with a view to(以……为目的),on an average(作为平均数),take a fancy to(喜欢)等习语里的 a(或 an)都是少不得的。这些都应该从习惯,不是几条规则所能包括得了的。 一般说来,有复数形式的名词前面可以用 a(或 an),无复数形式的名词前面不可用 a(或 an)。如 boy 和 laugh 有复数形式 boys 和 laughs,所以可以说 *a* boy 和 *a* laugh,completion 和 laughter 无复数形式,所以不可说 *a* completion 和 *a* laughter。但有些在习惯上无复数形式的名词,前面却往往也用 a(或 an)。这大概有下面四种情况: 1. 多少有些抽象性的。例如: - I have *a* great *admiration* for Gorky. - He has received *a* good *education*. - She has *a fondness* for roses. - You seem to have *a hatred* of dogs. - I am in *a hurry*. - There is *a bustle* going on in the house. - We need not make *a fuss* about the matter. - The arrival of the visitors caused *a* great *stir*. - He speaks with *a lisp*. - She talks with *a stammer*. - We had *a* fine *catch* yesterday. (我们昨天捉到了许多鱼。) - We had *a* plentiful *kill* today. (我们今天打到了许多猎物。) - I hope you will give me *a lead*. (我希望你给我开个头。) - He has *a* good *knowledge* of Russian. - You must avoid such *a waste* of time. - The book has *a wealth* of pictures. 2. a(或 an)...指“一个……的泉源”。例如: - A good pupil is *a credit* to his teachers. - A lazy boy is *a discredit* to his parents. - A lazy boy is *a dishonour* to his class. - A patriot is *an honour* to his country. - Such cruelty is *a reproach* to modern society. - Terrorism is *a shame* to civilization. 3. a(或 an)...指“一次……”,那名词本来是动词。例如: - After *a run* (或 *a climb*,或 *a swim*) I had *a wash* (或 *a rest*,或 *a feed*,或 *a smoke*,或 *a read*). 4. a...ing 指“一次……”。例如: - Instead of giving the peasant *a hearing*, the heartless landlord gave him *a* good *beating* (或 *a* good *hiding*,或 *a* good *licking* 或 *a* good *thrashing*) as well as *a* good *scolding*. 3. a(或 an)在下面几种情况里可以用在复数形式前面: 1. 在有些习语里。例如: - a few (books), a very few (books), a good few (books), a good many (books), a great many (books), a many (books) 2. 在表示时间或款项的短语前面。例如: - a further five minutes, a mere two hours, a very busy six weeks, a whole three years, a pleasant spring holidays, an additional ¥60 3. 在若干在形式上是复数而在意思上是单数的单词前面。例如: - a barracks, a bellows, a gallows, a headquarters, an innings, a links, a means, a scissors, a shambles, a tongs 4. 在下列美国口语中。例如: - a good ways, a great ways, a long ways 4. a(或 an)有时有(1)“一个而并不是那所要的一个”或(2)“任何一个”的意思。例如: - I was expecting to hear from my father. I got *a* letter indeed, but it was from a friend.(1) - I wanted to read *a* book, I did not care whether it was a history, a novel, or a biography.(2) 在这种用法里,a(或 an)该特别重读。 5. a(或 an)通常不用在人名、地名或其他专有名词的前面,但有例外: 1. 指有某姓或某名的某人。例如: - *a* Smith(姓 Smith 的某人) - *a* John Smith(名叫 John Smith 的某人) 2. 指在某时的某人、某地等。例如: - He is now *a* different John Smith from what he was three years ago. - He was met at the door by a contented Mary, not *an* angry Mary. - Fifty years ago we little dreamt of such *a* Shanghai as we have today. - Our children will find it hard to imagine *a* semi-feudal, semi-colonial China. 3. 指跟某人、某地等相仿的人、地等。例如: - He talks like *a* Johnson.(Johnson 指英国 18 世纪的大文豪 Samuel Johnson,很健谈,多妙论。) - The humorist considers himself *a* (second) Mark Twain. - Do you think it possible for the North Pole ever to have *a* Shanghai? - We may look upon the romantic tragedy as *a* Chinese *Romeo and Juliet*. 4. 指某人的作品。例如: - *A* new Michael Gold(当代美国作家)has appeared. - *A* new Shakespeare(莎士比亚全集新版)is in preparation. - I found *a* Picasso(毕加索画的画)on the wall. 5. 指某人所发明、设计或制造的机器等。例如: - *a* Remington(美国人 Philo Remington 所设计制造的打字机) - *a* Merriam-Webster(美国 G. & C. Merriam Company 出版,根据 Webster 原著编的词典) 6. 指“……的图或像”。例如: - *a* West Lake(一幅西湖图),*a* Cupid(一幅爱神图或一个爱神像) 7. 指“好比……那回事”。例如: - *a* Dunkirk(敦刻尔克式撤退:1940 年 5、6 月间英军从法国北部港口城市 Dunkirk 大败撤退) - *a* Munich(慕尼黑事件:1938 年 9 月 30 日德、英、法、意四国在德国南部慕尼黑城达成协议,允许当时的纳粹德国吞并捷克斯洛伐克的领土苏台德区,以图避免战争) 6. a(或 an)有时用在表示性质的抽象名词的前面。例如: - The room was furnished with *a* simplicity that is almost elegance. (这间房子的陈设有一种近似文雅的朴素。) - He answered my questions with *an* accuracy not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy.(他回答了我的问题,准确得不像出自一个普通小学生之口。) - The bird disappeared with *a* startling suddenness.(那只鸟惊人地忽然不见了。) 在这种用法里,抽象名词后面通常有一个形容词从句(如第一句)或形容词短语(如第二句),否则它的前面有形容词(如第三句)。 7. a(或 an)用在物质名词前面指(1)“一种……”或(2)“一份……”或“一客……”。例如: - *a* green tea, *an* old wine (1) - *a* coffee, *a* tea, *an* ice(英:一客冰淇淋,美:一客冷饮),*a* whisky and soda (2) 8. a(或 an)通常不可用在 only 的前面,也不可用在属于最高级的词的前面。 如不可说 *an only* house, *a best* essay, *a greatest* poet, *a longest* street,但尽可说 *an only* son(一个独生子),*a best* seller(一本畅销书),*a best* man(一个男傧相),*a first* night(某剧的第一夜表演)。因为这些已经成为习惯了。 a 用在副词 most 前面是很普通的,如 *a most* happy life 和 *a most* learned man。但该注意这里的 most 并不真正属于最高级,它的意思跟 very 相仿。 9. 在一个名词被用来指它的本身的时候,往往不用 a(或 an)。例如: - Apple is a noun. - He is dubbed 'poet'.(人家给他“诗人”的诨名。) - We should not call every school 'college'.(我们不该把每个学校都叫作“学院”。) - 'Rogue' is too mild a term for him, he is an arrant ruffian.(对他来说,“流氓”这名称是太轻了,他是一个十足的恶棍。) 下面第一句里的 a 可有可无,第二句里的 a 不可省: - He is dubbed (*a*) poet. - We should not call every school *a* college. 注意 poet 和 college 都没有引号,跟上面的各句不同。 10. 许多语法书里说,kind of 和 sort of 后面的名词的前面不该用 a(或 an),但事实上并非绝对不可用。例如: - What kind (或 sort) of tree is this? - What kind (或 sort) of(*a*)man is he? 第一句里不用 a,因为 kind 或 sort 明白地作“种类”解。第二句里可以用 a,因为 kind 或 sort 并不明白地作“种类”解。what kind (或 sort) of (*a*) man 是“怎么样的一个人”的意思。 其实在指“种类”的场合,不但 kind of 和 sort of 后面的名词的前面不用 a(或 an),其他相似的短语后面也是这样。例如: | | | | | | :--------------: | :--------------: | :------------: | :------------: | | a kind of car | kinds of car | a sort of car | sorts of car | | a brand of car | brands of car | a class of car | classes of car | | a form of car | forms of car | a make of car | makes of car | | a style of car | styles of car | a type of car | types of car | | a variety of car | varieties of car | | | 11. part of 前面用 a 也有,不用 a 也有,但意思略有不同。例如: - part of it(它的一部分:不一定一半以下,也不一定一半以上) - *a* part of it(它的一小部分:一半以下) 但 great part of it 和 *a* great part of it 是没有区别的。不一定一半以下,也不一定一半以上。 12. a(或 an)不用在 a change of 后面的名词的前面。例如: - a change of address, a change of name, a change of scene 13. a(或 an)不用在临时被用来作为不可数名词的前面。例如: - five hundred miles of railway, a stretch of road, an acre of garden, an expanse of lake 14. 下面各种表达方式里的 no 都是形容词,等于 not a: - no small value(很大的价值),no mean city(名城),no such man(没有这样的人),no other person than...(不是别人,却是……)。 所以不可说: - *a* no small value, *a* no mean city, no such *a* man, no other *a* person than... a no mean city 是不可说的,但 a no meaner city 是可以说的,no mean*er* 里的 no 是副词,修饰 meaner,并不等于 not a,所以前面用 a。 比较: - This is no (形容词) mean city. (这是一个名城。) - This is *a* no (副词) meaner city (than that). (这是一个[跟那个]同样有名的城。) - There is no (形容词) meaner city (than that). (没有[比那个]更无名的城。) - There is *a* no (副词) meaner city (than that). (有一个[跟那个]同样有名的城。) 15. 在指职位、头衔、等级等的单词前面大都不用 a(或 an)。例如: - They asked me to act as (*an*) interpreter. - I served them fairly well in the capacity of (*an*) interpreter. - I served them fairly well in my capacity as (*an*) interpreter. - She has obtained a position as (或 of) (*a*) typist. - He has left his situation as (或 of) (*a*) gardener. - He is (*a*) professor of philosophy at that university. - He has the degree of Doctor of Literature. - He soon rose to the rank of colonel. - The title of model worker has been conferred on the young man. - John Keats, English poet, was born in 1795. 注意在 As *a* physician, he does not deserve much praise 等句子里的 as 等于 considered as,那 a 是不可少的。 16. 在若干动词后面用作表语的名词的前面习惯不用 a(或 an)。例如: - He commenced schoolmaster in 1956. (commence[d]的这种用法现在不很普通) - He turned soldier at twenty-one. - The boy was bound apprentice to a carpenter. 17. 在若干独立短语里不用 a(或 an)。例如: - The old man was sitting in a chair, pipe in mouth. - The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 18. 在下面各短语和类似的短语里都不用 a(或 an): - hard of heart, large of limb, nimble of foot, quick of eye, pale of face 19. 下面各句里都不用 a(或 an),那是因为多少有些感叹的意味: - Lucky dog! (幸运儿!)Lucky beggar! (幸运儿!)You beauty! - You fool! You fool you! You lucky rascal! (你好一个幸运儿!) - 'Keep by me, you lovely thing!' the girl said to her cat. - The old man got run over, poor fellow. - Poor man, he never knew what love was like. 20. a(或 an)是“一”,one 也是“一”,在用法上有下面几点该注意: 1. 固定习语里的 a(或 an)和 one 不可调换。如 once upon *a* time(从前有一次)和 *one* day(有一天)里的 a 和 one 不可互换。*an* hour or two(一二小时,若干小时)和 *one* or two hours 里的 an 和 one 不可互换。to *a* man(全体地)不可改作 to *one* man。*one* man *one* vote(每人投一票)不可改作 *a* man *a* vote。但“一个……还是两个”可以说 one...or two。例如:Do you spell 'traveller' with *one* '1' *or two*? 注意下面每组里的两句意思相同,但用了 *a* 该有 on,用了 *one* 没有 on: > - *On a* warm day a stranger came to see me. > - *One* warm day a stranger came to see me. > - The ship sank *on a* stormy night. > - The ship sank *one* stormy night. 2. 有些习语用 a 或 one 都可以。如 at *a* blow 和 at *one* blow(一下子地),in *a* word 和 in *one* word(简单地说),be of *a* mind 和 be of *one* mind(同意),*a* hundred per cent...和 *one* hundred per cent...(十足地……)。 3. 有时用 a 和用 one 意思不同。如 as *a* man 是“就他的性格而论”,as *one* man 是“大家一致地”,at *a* time 是“每次”(如 three at a time),at *one* time 是“从前有一个时期”(如 At one time we met every day)。 注意下面每组里的两种表达方式意思不同: > - more than *a* year (比一年多些,如一年又三个月) > - more than *one* year (不止一个年头,如两年或三年) > - more than *a* decade (比十年多些,如十一年或十二年) > - more than *one* decade (不止一个十年,如二十年或三十年) 4. 在姓或名前面,用 a(或 an)或 one 意思相同。如 *a* Smith 和 *one* Smith 都是“一个姓 Smith 的人”。就语法讲,one Smith 里的 one 被看作形容词或代词都讲得通。 5. 在 dozen, hundred, thousand 和 million 前面,用 a 或 one 意思相同,用 a 普通些。如 *a* dozen(一打),*a* hundred(一百),*a* thousand(一千),*a* million(一百万),把 a 改作 one,意思不变,但往往有跟“二打、三打”等,“二百、三百”等,“二千、三千”等,“二百万、三百万”等对比的意味。 注意在下面的习语里都用 a,不可用 one: - *a* hundred(许多,如 a hundred things), - *a* thousand(许多,如 a thousand thanks), - *a* hundred and one(许多,如 a hundred and one points of usage), - *a* thousand and one(许多,如 a thousand and one points of usage), - not *a* hundred miles away(不远、近), - one in *a* thousand(极难得的一个) 6. a(或 an)只有“一”的意思,却并不跟“二、三、四、五”等相对,one 便可以有这种对比的意味。如 I have *a* pen 只说“我有一枝笔”,I have *one* pen 便可有“我并没有两枝、三枝或更多枝笔”的意思。 比较下面两句: - Can *a* boy do this? (回答可能是 No, but a man can。) - Can *one* boy do this? (回答可能是 No, but two boys can。) 列宁著的 *One Step Forward, Two Steps Backward* 里的 One 不可改作 A。下面两句里的 one 也不可改作 a: - I have one pen, but my sister has three pens. - I have one pen, but three pencils. 注意上面说 a 或 an 不跟“二、三、四、五”等对比,并不说不可跟 two, three, four, five 等连用。I have a pen, *but* three pencils 里的 a 该改作 one,但 I have a pen and three pencils 里的 a 却不必改作 one。 7. 注意下面各句的意思不同: - There is *a* pen on the table. (桌上有一枝钢笔:不是一枝铅笔或一本书。) - There is *one* pen on the table. (桌上有一枝钢笔:不是两枝、三枝或更多枝钢笔。) - *A* pen is on the table. (跟第一句意思相同,很少见。) - *One* pen is on the table. (一枝钢笔在桌上:也许还有其他笔,但在桌上没有。) 8. 说“每一……”计算价钱、款项、速度等,用 a(或 an),不用 one。例如: - ¥3.10 *a* dozen(每打三元一角),¥ 70 *a* month(每月七十元), - twice *a* week(每星期两次),ten miles *an* hour(每小时十英里) 这种用法里的 a 原来是介词,但现在不妨把它看作冠词。 21. of a(或 an)...表明在时间上经常的行为: - We would sit together in the park *of a morning*. - They often met *of an afternoon*. - The artist may have frequently been seen strolling along the street *of an evening*. - His friends used to go to see him in his cottage *of a Sunday*. 注意: 1. 这种结构现在少用。 2. 只用于经常的事,不用于一次的事,如不可说 The old man died of a morning。 22. 由 a...of a...构成一种习语。 如 a fool of a man 是“一个呆子般的男子”,a gem of a poem 是“一首宝石般(精致)的诗”,a mountain of a wave 是“一个高山似的浪”。又例如: - his angel of a wife, a beast of a place (一个很脏的地方), her brute of a husband, a devil of a hurry (极度的匆忙), his dome of a forehead, a great elephant of a woman, a jewel of an assistant, a kitten of a girl, a lamb of a temper(像羔羊般驯服的脾气), a love of a ring (一枚极可爱的戒指), a poem of a hotel (一个像诗一般幽雅的旅馆), that rascal of a landlord, her tyrant of a father 注意 a...of a...里的两个名词不可互调,如 a boy of a girl 是“一个男孩子似的女孩子”,a girl of a boy 是“一个女孩子似的男孩子”,意思各不相同。 23. a(或 an)通常用在一般形容词的前面,如 *a beautiful* garden,但也有几个例外。a(或 an)该用在 what、such 和 many 三个形容词的后面。 例如: - *What a* beautiful garden! *such a* garden, *many a* garden 假使形容词前面有 how, however, as, so 或 too,那末 a(或 an)也用在这形容词的后面。例如: - *how beautiful a* garden, *however beautiful a* garden, *as beautiful a* garden as I ever saw, *so beautiful a* garden, *too beautiful a* garden *a so beautiful* garden 和 *a too beautiful* garden 这种结构也有,但不很自然。似乎 a so beautiful garden 比 a too beautiful garden 更不自然。当代英国作家 William Somerset Maugham 的 *On a Chinese Screen* 的 Romance 一篇里有 somewhat Ouidaesque a fashion,当然极不普通。 假使形容词前面有 no less,那末 a(或 an)用在 no less 的前面或这形容词的后面都可以。例如: - *a no less beautiful* garden, *no less beautiful* a garden 前者比后者自然。假使后面加上 than yours,than this 等,改作 a garden no less beautiful than...就更自然些。 假使形容词前面有 no more,那末 a(或 an)就用在 no more 的前面,如 *a no more beautiful* garden。不过 *no more beautiful a* garden 这种结构也有。 假使形容词前面有 more 或 less(不是 no more 或 no less),那末 a(或 an)就用在 more 或 less 的前面,如 *a more*(或 *less*)*beautiful* garden。上面所说 no less 里的 less 是副词,no less *a* person than... 中的 less 是形容词,作“较不重要”解,a 的位置不可改动。 24. a(或 an)可以用在 quite 和 rather 的前面,也可以用在它们的后面。例如: - *a quite big* dog, *quite a big* dog, - *a rather big* dog, *rather a big* dog 在口语里 quite a(或 an)...和 rather a(或 an)...比 a quite...和 a rather...普通。 注意 big 和 dog 总是连在一起,不该说: - *quite big* a dog, *rather big* a dog 25. 就普通语法讲,*a* black and *a* white dog 是“一只黑狗和一只白狗”,*a* black and white dog 是“一只黑白花狗”,*a* journalist and *an* author 是“一个新闻记者和一个作家”,*a* journalist and author 是“一个新闻记者兼作家”。 但事实上为了加强语气,也有用两个 a(或 an),一个 a 和一个 an,或一个 an 和一个 a 而指一个人的。例如: - He has become *a* sadder and *a* wiser man. - He is *a* journalist and *an* author. 也有虽然只用一个 a(或 an)而指两个人的。例如: - *A* man and woman are walking arm-in-arm. - *A* boy and girl are playing together. 但假使具有相对立的意思,便该用两个 a(或 an),一个 a 和一个 an,或一个 an 和一个 a。例如: - *A* man and *a* woman may not always agree on such a question. 明明两件东西而通常配成一件的,只用一个 a(或 an)。例如: - *a* knife and fork, *a* cup and saucer, *a* needle and thread, *a* coat and tie, *a* short beard and moustache, *a* swimming head and parched throat 26. 在两个或两个以上的名词连用的场合,通常不用 a(或 an)。例如: - We are brother and sister. - He was printer, publisher, and editor before 1949. - This room is study, bedroom, and sitting room all in one. - This article is meant to appear in newspaper or magazine. - Like father, like son. (有其父必有其子。——谚语) - Diamond cut diamond. (旗鼓相当。) - Dog eat dog. (同类相残。) 27. 假使把 though he is a child 里的 child 放在开首,a 便该去掉,作 child though he is。child as he is 有同样的意思,也不该有 a。 28. 下面两句里都有 a: - *A* baby never sat so gracefully. - Did *a* baby ever sit so gracefully? 假使把 never 或 ever 放在 baby 的前面,通常把 a 去掉。例如: - Never did baby sit so gracefully. - Did ever baby sit so gracefully? never a...作 no...解,不过语气强些,a 决不可省。例如:He found *never a* baby there. 这里的 never 并不指时间。 29. He is *a* scholar 等句子里的 a(或 an)当然不可省去,但注意下面各句里都不用 a(或 an): - He is artist enough to appreciate these pictures. - Surely you are scholar enough to read this old book. - I was fool enough to believe him. 这里 artist, scholar 和 fool 前面都不用 a(或 an),因为后面加上了 enough,把这些名词抽象化了。 30. *A Tale of Two Cities* 里有 A,但说 Dickens's *A Tale of Two Cities* 或 Dickens's *Tale of Two Cities* 都可以。the *Tale of Two Cities* that I bought yesterday 里不可在 Tale 前面加上 A。 31. 上面所讲到的 a(或 an)的省略,可说都跟语法有关,都是一般的用法。还有为了节省空间、时间、金钱或精力,或为了引起注意力,而省去 a(或 an)的,主要有下面各种情况: 1. 报纸标题: - (A) New Book by E. G. Flynn (当代美国进步女作家) Published. - (A) Noted Scientist to Make (a) Report on (an) Important Invention at (a) Local Technical School. 2. 工商业文件: - (A) Copy of the booklet is enclosed. - (A) Duplicate of this letter will be sent to the management. 3. 广告: - (A) Fully furnished flat to let. - (A) Secondhand typewriter wanted. 4. 电报: - (A) Girl born today. - Brother away on (a) visit. 5. 公告: - (A) School Ahead. - (An) Exit. 6. 日记: - Attended (a) lecture on IT technology. - Got (a) long letter from James. 7. 非正式信札: - Hope to send you (a) picture of the Lake soon. - Could you let me have (a) summary of the story? 8. 注释和定义: - Fleet Street: (A) Famous old London street, now the location of many newspaper offices, often used allusively for the English press. - landscape: (A) Piece of land scenery. 32. few 和 *a* few 不同。few 是“很少”,有“几乎没有”的意思。*a* few 是“若干”,有“颇有几个”的意思。但两种表达方式的不同,不在于实际数目的大小,却在于说话者的语意。如一篇作文里有三个错误,要是你说 There are *few* mistakes in it,你在说它“错误很少”,便是说它好。要是你说 There are *a few* mistakes in it,你在说它“有若干错误”,便是说它不好。可以说 few, or perhaps none 和 a few, or perhaps many。注意 only a few 却等于 few,也是“很少”的意思。 little 和 *a* little 的不同,相当于 few 和 *a* few 的不同。如 *little* trouble 是“很少麻烦”或“几乎没有麻烦”,*a little* trouble 是“若干麻烦”或“颇有些麻烦”。 33. 下面各种表达方式里都有 half a(或 half an): - half a mile, half a month, half an inch, half an hour, half a bottle, half a cup, half a dozen, half a million 在这种用法里,把 half 看作形容词或看作名词后面省去 of 都可以。但不论 half 是形容词还是名词,a 总是冠词,所以下面各种表达方式里的 a 或 an 照理都该去掉: - that half *a* mile, this half *a* month, another half *an* inch, the next half *an* hour, my half *a* dozen 不过这个多余的 a(或 an)事实上很常见,因为 half a...或 half an...用得很多,好似成为一个单位了。甚至有人说 a half an hour。 上面所举的 half a mile, half a month 等表达方式里的 half a(或 half an)英美通用。但在美国也往往用 a half。例如: - *a half* mile, *a half* month, *a half* inch, *a half* hour a half 在英国也用,但不用在表示距离、时间、数量等的词的前面。如不说 a half mile, a half month 等,却说 a half length, a half share, a half conviction 等。 ...and a half 和...and a half...两种表达方式意思相同,如 two miles and a half 和 two and a half miles 都是“两英里半”。这两种表达方式是英美通用的。即使在英国也并没有 two miles and *half a* mile, two and *half a* mile 或 two and *half a* miles 的结构。 把 two miles and a half 跟 two and a half miles 比较起来,前者好些,因为 a half miles 读起来似乎很不自然。就时间讲,先有前者,后有后者,后者是从miles 这种写法产生出来的。同样地,a foot and a quarter 比 one and a quarter feet 好些。 上面说过,that half *a* mile 等表达方式里的 a 照理该去掉。下面各种表达方式里的 a 照理也该去掉: - those two miles and *a* half, - those two and *a* half miles, - the foot and *a* quarter, - the one and *a* quarter feet 但习惯上这种多用的 a 可说是不可少的,省去了反而觉得不自然。