add post: oxford-5000-a-an, fix some posts
in oxford-5000, fix that the words begin with G are not in a table; in oxford-5000-pitch, fix the wrong phrase
This commit is contained in:
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
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---
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title: a, an
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tags:
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- 牛津5000
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- 英语词汇
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comments: true
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copyright: false
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toc:
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enable: true
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number: true
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wrap: true
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expand_all: true
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max_depth: 3
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categories:
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- 英语学习
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---
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# indefinite article - a
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## Pronunciation
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- BrE: /ə/, strong form /eɪ/
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- NAmE: /ə/, strong form /eɪ/
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> *also* **an**
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>
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> - BrE: /ən/, strong form /æn/
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> - NAmE: /ən/, strong form /æn/
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>
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> The form **a** is used before consonant sounds and the form **an** before vowel sounds. When saying abbreviations like ‘FM’ or ‘UN’, use **a** or **an** according to how the first letter is said. For example, **F** is a consonant, but begins with the sound /e/ and so you say: *an FM radio*. **U** is a vowel but begins with /j/ and so you say: *a UN declaration*.
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## Explanation
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1. **{% label @A1 %}** used before countable or singular nouns referring to people or things that have not already been mentioned（用于可数名词或单数名词前，表示未曾提到的）一（人、事、物）
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- *a man/horse/unit* 一个人；一匹马；一个单位
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- *an aunt/egg/hour/X-ray* 一位姑母；一枚鸡蛋；一小时；一张 X 光片
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- *I can only carry two at a time.* 我一次只能带两个。
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- *There's a visitor for you.* 有位客人找你。
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- *She's a friend of my father's* (= one of my father's friends). 她是我父亲的朋友。
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2. **{% label @A1 %}** used to show that somebody/something is a member of a group or profession（表示为某一群体或职业中的一员）
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- *Their new car's a BMW.* 他们的新轿车是辆宝马。
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- *She's a Buddhist.* 她是佛教徒。
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- *He's a teacher.* 他是教师。
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- *Is that a Monet* (= a painting by Monet)? 那是莫奈的画吗？
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<!-- more -->
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3. **{% label @A1 %}** any; every 任何一；每一
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- *A lion is a dangerous animal.* 狮子是猛兽。
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4. **{% label @B1 %}** used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them, or phrase following them（用于前有形容词或后有短语的不可数名词前）
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- *a good knowledge of French* 精通法语
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- *a sadness that won’t go away* 挥之不去的悲愁
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5. used in front of two nouns that are seen as a single unit（用于视为一体的两个名词之前）
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- *a knife and fork* 一副刀叉
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6. used instead of one before some numbers（用于某些数字前，代替 one）
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- *A thousand people were there.* 那里有一千人。
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7. used when talking about prices, quantities and rates（用于价格、数量、比率等）一，每一
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{% note primary Synonyms **per**%}
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- BrE: /pə(r)/, strong form /pɜː(r)/
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- NAmE: /pər/, strong form /pɜːr/
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used to express the cost or amount of something for each person, number used, distance travelled, etc. 每；每一
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- *Rooms cost £50 per person, per night.* 房价每人每晚 50 英镑。
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- *60 miles per hour* 每小时 60 英里
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- *France consumes around 200 000 tonnes of cocoa per year.* 法国每年消费约20万吨可可。
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- *This country has a higher crime rate per 100 000 of the population than most other European countries.* 这个国家的每10万人口犯罪率比大多数其他欧洲国家高。
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{% endnote %}
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- They cost 50p a kilo.这些东西一公斤 50 便士。
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- I can type 50 words a minute.我每分钟能打 50 个单词。
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- He was driving at 50 miles an hour.当时他正以每小时 50 英里的速度驾车。
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8. a person like somebody像（某人）的人；…式的人物
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- *She's a little Hitler.* 她是个小希特勒。
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9. used before somebody’s name to show that the speaker does not know the person（用于某人姓名前，表示说话者不认识此人）有个
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- *There's a Mrs Green to see you.* 有位格林太太要见你。
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10. used before the names of days of the week to talk about one particular day（用于一星期中某天的名称前，表示具体某一天）
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- *She died on a Tuesday.* 她是在某个星期二去世的。
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## Word Origin
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Middle English: weak form of Old English *ān* ‘one’.
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# noun - A
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## Pronunciation
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- BrE: /eɪ/
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- NAmE: /eɪ/
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> *also* **a**
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>
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> plural **As**, **A’s**, **a’s**
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>
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> - BrE: /eɪz/
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> - NAmE: /eɪz/
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## Explanation
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1. \[countable, uncountable\] the first letter of the English alphabet 英语字母表的第 1 个字母
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- *‘Apple’ begins with (an) A/‘A’.* apple 一词以字母 a 开头。
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2. **A** \[countable, uncountable\] (music音乐) the 6th note in the scale of C major A 音（C 大调音阶的第六级音）
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3. \[countable, uncountable\] **A (in/for something)** a grade that a student can get for a piece of work or course of study that shows that it is excellent（学业成绩）第一等，优，甲
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- *She got (an) A in biology.* 她生物得了A。
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- *He had straight A's* (= nothing but A's) *all through high school.* 他读中学时成绩全部是 A。
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4. **A** \[uncountable\] used to represent the first of two or more possibilities（表示两个或更多可能性中的）第一个
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- *Shall we go for plan A or plan B?* 我们采用第一方案还是第二方案？
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5. **A** \[uncountable\] used to represent a person, for example in an imagined situation or to hide their identity（代表一个假设的或不指名的人）甲
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- *Assume A knows B is guilty.* 假定甲知道乙有罪。
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{% note primary **see also** A-frame %}
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- BrE: /ˈeɪ freɪm/
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- NAmE: /ˈeɪ freɪm/
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(*also* **A-frame house**)
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(*especially North American English*)
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a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A A 形房屋
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{% endnote %}
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{% note primary **see also** A level %}
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- BrE: /ˈeɪ levl/
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- NAmE: /ˈeɪ levl/
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(*also* **advanced level**)
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\[countable, uncountable\] a British exam taken in a particular subject, usually in the final year of school at the age of 18 高级证书考试（英国中学单科考试，通常在毕业年级进行）
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- *You need three A levels to get onto this university course.* 你要学习这门大学课程，就需要通过三科高级证书考试。
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- *What A levels are you doing?* 你在准备哪些科目的高级证书考试？
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- *I'm doing maths A level.* 我在准备数学高级证书考试。
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- *two A level passes/two passes at A level* 两门高级证书考试及格
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{% endnote %}
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{% note primary **see also** A-road %}
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- BrE: /ˈeɪ rəʊd/
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- NAmE: /ˈeɪ rəʊd/
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(in the UK) a road that is less important than a motorway, but wider and straighter than a B-road（英国）干线公路，A 级公路（略次于高速公路，但较 B 级公路宽直）
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{% endnote %}
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## Idioms
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- **from A to B**
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from one place to another从一地到另一地
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- *For me a car is just a means of getting from A to B.* 在我看来，汽车只不过是从一地到另一地的代步工具。
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- **from A to Z**
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including everything there is to know about something 从头到尾；彻底地；完全
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- *He knew his subject from A to Z.* 他通晓自己的学科。
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# symbol - A
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## Pronunciation
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- BrE: /eɪ/
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- NAmE: /eɪ/
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## Explanation
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1. used in the UK before a number to refer to a particular important road A 级公路，干线公路（英国公路代号，后接数字）
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- *the A34 to Newbury* 通往纽伯里的 A34 号（干线）公路
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2. used (but not in the US) before numbers that show standard metric sizes of paper（除美国外，用于数字前表示标准纸张尺寸）A…纸（尺寸）'
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- *a sheet of **A4** paper* (= 297×210mm) 一张 A4 纸（= 297 毫米 × 210 毫米）
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- ***A3*** (= 420×297mm) A3 纸（= 420 毫米 × 297 毫米）
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- ***A5*** (= 210×148mm) A5 纸（= 210 毫米 × 148 毫米）
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# Abbreviation - A
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## Pronunciation
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- BrE: /eɪ/
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- NAmE: /eɪ/
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## Explanation
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(in writing) amp 安，安培（电流单位）
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# 惯用法
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1. a 和 an 用法的区别，一般说来，是在以辅音开首的词前面用 a，在以元音开首的词前面用 an。不过要注意，这里说的是辅音和元音，不是辅音字母和元音字母。
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- 如 hour 以辅音字母 h 开首，但读音作［ˈaʊə］，是以元音开首的，所以前面该用 an，不用 a。又如 one 以元音字母 o 开首，但读音作［wʌn］，是以辅音开首的，所以前面该用 a，不用 an。
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- 又如 M. A.（=Master of Arts，文科硕士）里的 M 是辅音字母，但读音作［em］（M. A. 读［ˈemˈeɪ］或［emˈeɪ］），所以前面该用 an，不用 a。
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- MS（=manuscript，手稿）前面往往用 a 而不用 an，并不因为 M 是辅音字母，却因为读音往往作［ˈmænjʊskrɪpt］。
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- 又如 8 并不是词，无所谓辅音或元音，但读音作［eɪt］，所以前面该用 an，不用 a。
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- & 只是一个符号，因为它的名称是 ampersand，读音作［ˈæmpəsænd］，所以前面该用 an。
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据有些语法书说，以［h］音开首而没有重音的音节前面该用 an，如 an historian，不作 a historian。这规则现在可说不成立了（虽然还有人——尤其是英国人——遵守着），现在尽可用 a，用 an 反嫌不自然。例如：
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a habitual smile, a heroic act, a historian, a hotel, a hypothesis
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有些英国人，在以［juː］或［jʊ］音开首的词（如 eulogy, euphonic, European, university, united 和 usual）前面，用 an 而不用 a，在以［h］音开首的词（如 hero, history, hospital, hundred 和 hymn）前面也用 an 而不用 a，在 one 前面也用 an 而不用 a，这种人似乎现在比以前少了。
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2. 哪个名词前面可以用 a（或 an），哪个名词前面不可用 a（或 an）呢？
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一般说来，可数名词前面可以用 a（或 an），不可数名词前面不可用 a（或 an），如可以说 a healthy boy，却不可说 a health，可以说 a chair，却不可说 a furniture。但事实并不这样简单。所谓“可数”和“不可数”，要看那个词的正确意思而定，不可根据它的普通汉译。
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- 如不可说 a fun, an information，却可以说 a pastime, a knowledge。
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- 又如 dance, hurry, interest, kiss 等词前面都可以用 a（或 an）。
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- 又如 with child（有孕的），in class（在教室里），take horse（上马），send word（通知）等习语里都不可用 a（或 an）。但 at a loss（不知所措的），with a view to（以……为目的），on an average（作为平均数），take a fancy to（喜欢）等习语里的 a（或 an）都是少不得的。这些都应该从习惯，不是几条规则所能包括得了的。
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一般说来，有复数形式的名词前面可以用 a（或 an），无复数形式的名词前面不可用 a（或 an）。如 boy 和 laugh 有复数形式 boys 和 laughs，所以可以说 *a* boy 和 *a* laugh，completion 和 laughter 无复数形式，所以不可说 *a* completion 和 *a* laughter。但有些在习惯上无复数形式的名词，前面却往往也用 a（或 an）。这大概有下面四种情况：
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1. 多少有些抽象性的。例如：
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- I have *a* great *admiration* for Gorky.
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- He has received *a* good *education*.
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- She has *a fondness* for roses.
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- You seem to have *a hatred* of dogs.
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- I am in *a hurry*.
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- There is *a bustle* going on in the house.
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- We need not make *a fuss* about the matter.
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- The arrival of the visitors caused *a* great *stir*.
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- He speaks with *a lisp*.
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- She talks with *a stammer*.
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- We had *a* fine *catch* yesterday. （我们昨天捉到了许多鱼。）
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- We had *a* plentiful *kill* today. （我们今天打到了许多猎物。）
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- I hope you will give me *a lead*. （我希望你给我开个头。）
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- He has *a* good *knowledge* of Russian.
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- You must avoid such *a waste* of time.
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- The book has *a wealth* of pictures.
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2. a（或 an）...指“一个……的泉源”。例如：
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- A good pupil is *a credit* to his teachers.
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- A lazy boy is *a discredit* to his parents.
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- A lazy boy is *a dishonour* to his class.
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- A patriot is *an honour* to his country.
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- Such cruelty is *a reproach* to modern society.
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- Terrorism is *a shame* to civilization.
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3. a（或 an）...指“一次……”，那名词本来是动词。例如：
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- After *a run* (或 *a climb*，或 *a swim*) I had *a wash* (或 *a rest*，或 *a feed*，或 *a smoke*，或 *a read*).
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4. a...ing 指“一次……”。例如：
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- Instead of giving the peasant *a hearing*, the heartless landlord gave him *a* good *beating* (或 *a* good *hiding*，或 *a* good *licking* 或 *a* good *thrashing*) as well as *a* good *scolding*.
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3. a（或 an）在下面几种情况里可以用在复数形式前面：
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1. 在有些习语里。例如：
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- a few (books), a very few (books), a good few (books), a good many (books), a great many (books), a many (books)
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2. 在表示时间或款项的短语前面。例如：
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- a further five minutes, a mere two hours, a very busy six weeks, a whole three years, a pleasant spring holidays, an additional ¥60
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3. 在若干在形式上是复数而在意思上是单数的单词前面。例如：
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- a barracks, a bellows, a gallows, a headquarters, an innings, a links, a means, a scissors, a shambles, a tongs
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4. 在下列美国口语中。例如：
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- a good ways, a great ways, a long ways
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4. a（或 an）有时有（1）“一个而并不是那所要的一个”或（2）“任何一个”的意思。例如：
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- I was expecting to hear from my father. I got *a* letter indeed, but it was from a friend.(1)
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- I wanted to read *a* book, I did not care whether it was a history, a novel, or a biography.(2)
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在这种用法里，a（或 an）该特别重读。
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5. a（或 an）通常不用在人名、地名或其他专有名词的前面，但有例外：
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1. 指有某姓或某名的某人。例如：
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- *a* Smith（姓 Smith 的某人）
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- *a* John Smith（名叫 John Smith 的某人）
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2. 指在某时的某人、某地等。例如：
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- He is now *a* different John Smith from what he was three years ago.
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- He was met at the door by a contented Mary, not *an* angry Mary.
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- Fifty years ago we little dreamt of such *a* Shanghai as we have today.
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- Our children will find it hard to imagine *a* semi-feudal, semi-colonial China.
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3. 指跟某人、某地等相仿的人、地等。例如：
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- He talks like *a* Johnson.（Johnson 指英国 18 世纪的大文豪 Samuel Johnson，很健谈，多妙论。）
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- The humorist considers himself *a* (second) Mark Twain.
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- Do you think it possible for the North Pole ever to have *a* Shanghai?
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- We may look upon the romantic tragedy as *a* Chinese *Romeo and Juliet*.
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4. 指某人的作品。例如：
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- *A* new Michael Gold（当代美国作家）has appeared.
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- *A* new Shakespeare（莎士比亚全集新版）is in preparation.
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- I found *a* Picasso（毕加索画的画）on the wall.
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5. 指某人所发明、设计或制造的机器等。例如：
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- *a* Remington（美国人 Philo Remington 所设计制造的打字机）
|
||||
- *a* Merriam-Webster（美国 G. & C. Merriam Company 出版，根据 Webster 原著编的词典）
|
||||
|
||||
6. 指“……的图或像”。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a* West Lake（一幅西湖图），*a* Cupid（一幅爱神图或一个爱神像）
|
||||
|
||||
7. 指“好比……那回事”。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a* Dunkirk（敦刻尔克式撤退：1940 年 5、6 月间英军从法国北部港口城市 Dunkirk 大败撤退）
|
||||
- *a* Munich（慕尼黑事件：1938 年 9 月 30 日德、英、法、意四国在德国南部慕尼黑城达成协议，允许当时的纳粹德国吞并捷克斯洛伐克的领土苏台德区，以图避免战争）
|
||||
|
||||
6. a（或 an）有时用在表示性质的抽象名词的前面。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- The room was furnished with *a* simplicity that is almost elegance. （这间房子的陈设有一种近似文雅的朴素。）
|
||||
- He answered my questions with *an* accuracy not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy.（他回答了我的问题，准确得不像出自一个普通小学生之口。）
|
||||
- The bird disappeared with *a* startling suddenness.（那只鸟惊人地忽然不见了。）
|
||||
|
||||
在这种用法里，抽象名词后面通常有一个形容词从句（如第一句）或形容词短语（如第二句），否则它的前面有形容词（如第三句）。
|
||||
|
||||
7. a（或 an）用在物质名词前面指（1）“一种……”或（2）“一份……”或“一客……”。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a* green tea, *an* old wine (1)
|
||||
- *a* coffee, *a* tea, *an* ice（英：一客冰淇淋，美：一客冷饮），*a* whisky and soda (2)
|
||||
|
||||
8. a（或 an）通常不可用在 only 的前面，也不可用在属于最高级的词的前面。
|
||||
|
||||
如不可说 *an only* house, *a best* essay, *a greatest* poet, *a longest* street，但尽可说 *an only* son（一个独生子），*a best* seller（一本畅销书），*a best* man（一个男傧相），*a first* night（某剧的第一夜表演）。因为这些已经成为习惯了。
|
||||
|
||||
a 用在副词 most 前面是很普通的，如 *a most* happy life 和 *a most* learned man。但该注意这里的 most 并不真正属于最高级，它的意思跟 very 相仿。
|
||||
|
||||
9. 在一个名词被用来指它的本身的时候，往往不用 a（或 an）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- Apple is a noun.
|
||||
- He is dubbed 'poet'.（人家给他“诗人”的诨名。）
|
||||
- We should not call every school 'college'.（我们不该把每个学校都叫作“学院”。）
|
||||
- 'Rogue' is too mild a term for him, he is an arrant ruffian.（对他来说，“流氓”这名称是太轻了，他是一个十足的恶棍。）
|
||||
|
||||
下面第一句里的 a 可有可无，第二句里的 a 不可省：
|
||||
|
||||
- He is dubbed (*a*) poet.
|
||||
- We should not call every school *a* college.
|
||||
|
||||
注意 poet 和 college 都没有引号，跟上面的各句不同。
|
||||
|
||||
10. 许多语法书里说，kind of 和 sort of 后面的名词的前面不该用 a（或 an），但事实上并非绝对不可用。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- What kind (或 sort) of tree is this?
|
||||
- What kind (或 sort) of（*a*）man is he?
|
||||
|
||||
第一句里不用 a，因为 kind 或 sort 明白地作“种类”解。第二句里可以用 a，因为 kind 或 sort 并不明白地作“种类”解。what kind (或 sort) of (*a*) man 是“怎么样的一个人”的意思。
|
||||
|
||||
其实在指“种类”的场合，不但 kind of 和 sort of 后面的名词的前面不用 a（或 an），其他相似的短语后面也是这样。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
| | | | |
|
||||
| :--------------: | :--------------: | :------------: | :------------: |
|
||||
| a kind of car | kinds of car | a sort of car | sorts of car |
|
||||
| a brand of car | brands of car | a class of car | classes of car |
|
||||
| a form of car | forms of car | a make of car | makes of car |
|
||||
| a style of car | styles of car | a type of car | types of car |
|
||||
| a variety of car | varieties of car | | |
|
||||
|
||||
11. part of 前面用 a 也有，不用 a 也有，但意思略有不同。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- part of it（它的一部分：不一定一半以下，也不一定一半以上）
|
||||
- *a* part of it（它的一小部分：一半以下）
|
||||
|
||||
但 great part of it 和 *a* great part of it 是没有区别的。不一定一半以下，也不一定一半以上。
|
||||
|
||||
12. a（或 an）不用在 a change of 后面的名词的前面。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- a change of address, a change of name, a change of scene
|
||||
|
||||
13. a（或 an）不用在临时被用来作为不可数名词的前面。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- five hundred miles of railway, a stretch of road, an acre of garden, an expanse of lake
|
||||
|
||||
14. 下面各种表达方式里的 no 都是形容词，等于 not a：
|
||||
|
||||
- no small value（很大的价值），no mean city（名城），no such man（没有这样的人），no other person than...（不是别人，却是……）。
|
||||
|
||||
所以不可说：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a* no small value, *a* no mean city, no such *a* man, no other *a* person than...
|
||||
|
||||
a no mean city 是不可说的，但 a no meaner city 是可以说的，no mean*er* 里的 no 是副词，修饰 meaner，并不等于 not a，所以前面用 a。
|
||||
|
||||
比较：
|
||||
|
||||
- This is no (形容词) mean city. （这是一个名城。）
|
||||
- This is *a* no (副词) meaner city (than that). （这是一个［跟那个］同样有名的城。）
|
||||
- There is no (形容词) meaner city (than that). （没有［比那个］更无名的城。）
|
||||
- There is *a* no (副词) meaner city (than that). （有一个［跟那个］同样有名的城。）
|
||||
|
||||
15. 在指职位、头衔、等级等的单词前面大都不用 a（或 an）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- They asked me to act as (*an*) interpreter.
|
||||
- I served them fairly well in the capacity of (*an*) interpreter.
|
||||
- I served them fairly well in my capacity as (*an*) interpreter.
|
||||
- She has obtained a position as (或 of) (*a*) typist.
|
||||
- He has left his situation as (或 of) (*a*) gardener.
|
||||
- He is (*a*) professor of philosophy at that university.
|
||||
- He has the degree of Doctor of Literature.
|
||||
- He soon rose to the rank of colonel.
|
||||
- The title of model worker has been conferred on the young man.
|
||||
- John Keats, English poet, was born in 1795.
|
||||
|
||||
注意在 As *a* physician, he does not deserve much praise 等句子里的 as 等于 considered as，那 a 是不可少的。
|
||||
|
||||
16. 在若干动词后面用作表语的名词的前面习惯不用 a（或 an）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- He commenced schoolmaster in 1956. （commence［d］的这种用法现在不很普通）
|
||||
- He turned soldier at twenty-one.
|
||||
- The boy was bound apprentice to a carpenter.
|
||||
|
||||
17. 在若干独立短语里不用 a（或 an）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- The old man was sitting in a chair, pipe in mouth.
|
||||
- The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
|
||||
|
||||
18. 在下面各短语和类似的短语里都不用 a（或 an）：
|
||||
|
||||
- hard of heart, large of limb, nimble of foot, quick of eye, pale of face
|
||||
|
||||
19. 下面各句里都不用 a（或 an），那是因为多少有些感叹的意味：
|
||||
|
||||
- Lucky dog! （幸运儿！）Lucky beggar! （幸运儿！）You beauty!
|
||||
- You fool! You fool you! You lucky rascal! （你好一个幸运儿！）
|
||||
- 'Keep by me, you lovely thing!' the girl said to her cat.
|
||||
- The old man got run over, poor fellow.
|
||||
- Poor man, he never knew what love was like.
|
||||
|
||||
20. a（或 an）是“一”，one 也是“一”，在用法上有下面几点该注意：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 固定习语里的 a（或 an）和 one 不可调换。如 once upon *a* time（从前有一次）和 *one* day（有一天）里的 a 和 one 不可互换。*an* hour or two（一二小时，若干小时）和 *one* or two hours 里的 an 和 one 不可互换。to *a* man（全体地）不可改作 to *one* man。*one* man *one* vote（每人投一票）不可改作 *a* man *a* vote。但“一个……还是两个”可以说 one...or two。例如：Do you spell 'traveller' with *one* '1' *or two*?
|
||||
|
||||
注意下面每组里的两句意思相同，但用了 *a* 该有 on，用了 *one* 没有 on：
|
||||
|
||||
> - *On a* warm day a stranger came to see me.
|
||||
> - *One* warm day a stranger came to see me.
|
||||
|
||||
> - The ship sank *on a* stormy night.
|
||||
> - The ship sank *one* stormy night.
|
||||
|
||||
2. 有些习语用 a 或 one 都可以。如 at *a* blow 和 at *one* blow（一下子地），in *a* word 和 in *one* word（简单地说），be of *a* mind 和 be of *one* mind（同意），*a* hundred per cent...和 *one* hundred per cent...（十足地……）。
|
||||
|
||||
3. 有时用 a 和用 one 意思不同。如 as *a* man 是“就他的性格而论”，as *one* man 是“大家一致地”，at *a* time 是“每次”（如 three at a time），at *one* time 是“从前有一个时期”（如 At one time we met every day）。
|
||||
|
||||
注意下面每组里的两种表达方式意思不同：
|
||||
|
||||
> - more than *a* year （比一年多些，如一年又三个月）
|
||||
> - more than *one* year （不止一个年头，如两年或三年）
|
||||
|
||||
> - more than *a* decade （比十年多些，如十一年或十二年）
|
||||
> - more than *one* decade （不止一个十年，如二十年或三十年）
|
||||
|
||||
4. 在姓或名前面，用 a（或 an）或 one 意思相同。如 *a* Smith 和 *one* Smith 都是“一个姓 Smith 的人”。就语法讲，one Smith 里的 one 被看作形容词或代词都讲得通。
|
||||
|
||||
5. 在 dozen, hundred, thousand 和 million 前面，用 a 或 one 意思相同，用 a 普通些。如 *a* dozen（一打），*a* hundred（一百），*a* thousand（一千），*a* million（一百万），把 a 改作 one，意思不变，但往往有跟“二打、三打”等，“二百、三百”等，“二千、三千”等，“二百万、三百万”等对比的意味。
|
||||
|
||||
注意在下面的习语里都用 a，不可用 one：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a* hundred（许多，如 a hundred things），
|
||||
- *a* thousand（许多，如 a thousand thanks），
|
||||
- *a* hundred and one（许多，如 a hundred and one points of usage），
|
||||
- *a* thousand and one（许多，如 a thousand and one points of usage），
|
||||
- not *a* hundred miles away（不远、近），
|
||||
- one in *a* thousand（极难得的一个）
|
||||
|
||||
6. a（或 an）只有“一”的意思，却并不跟“二、三、四、五”等相对，one 便可以有这种对比的意味。如 I have *a* pen 只说“我有一枝笔”，I have *one* pen 便可有“我并没有两枝、三枝或更多枝笔”的意思。
|
||||
|
||||
比较下面两句：
|
||||
|
||||
- Can *a* boy do this? （回答可能是 No, but a man can。）
|
||||
- Can *one* boy do this? （回答可能是 No, but two boys can。）
|
||||
|
||||
列宁著的 *One Step Forward, Two Steps Backward* 里的 One 不可改作 A。下面两句里的 one 也不可改作 a：
|
||||
|
||||
- I have one pen, but my sister has three pens.
|
||||
- I have one pen, but three pencils.
|
||||
|
||||
注意上面说 a 或 an 不跟“二、三、四、五”等对比，并不说不可跟 two, three, four, five 等连用。I have a pen, *but* three pencils 里的 a 该改作 one，但 I have a pen and three pencils 里的 a 却不必改作 one。
|
||||
|
||||
7. 注意下面各句的意思不同：
|
||||
|
||||
- There is *a* pen on the table. （桌上有一枝钢笔：不是一枝铅笔或一本书。）
|
||||
- There is *one* pen on the table. （桌上有一枝钢笔：不是两枝、三枝或更多枝钢笔。）
|
||||
- *A* pen is on the table. （跟第一句意思相同，很少见。）
|
||||
- *One* pen is on the table. （一枝钢笔在桌上：也许还有其他笔，但在桌上没有。）
|
||||
|
||||
8. 说“每一……”计算价钱、款项、速度等，用 a（或 an），不用 one。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- ¥3.10 *a* dozen（每打三元一角），¥ 70 *a* month（每月七十元），
|
||||
- twice *a* week（每星期两次），ten miles *an* hour（每小时十英里）
|
||||
|
||||
这种用法里的 a 原来是介词，但现在不妨把它看作冠词。
|
||||
|
||||
21. of a（或 an）...表明在时间上经常的行为：
|
||||
|
||||
- We would sit together in the park *of a morning*.
|
||||
- They often met *of an afternoon*.
|
||||
- The artist may have frequently been seen strolling along the street *of an evening*.
|
||||
- His friends used to go to see him in his cottage *of a Sunday*.
|
||||
|
||||
注意：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 这种结构现在少用。
|
||||
2. 只用于经常的事，不用于一次的事，如不可说 The old man died of a morning。
|
||||
|
||||
22. 由 a...of a...构成一种习语。
|
||||
|
||||
如 a fool of a man 是“一个呆子般的男子”，a gem of a poem 是“一首宝石般（精致）的诗”，a mountain of a wave 是“一个高山似的浪”。又例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- his angel of a wife, a beast of a place (一个很脏的地方), her brute of a husband, a devil of a hurry (极度的匆忙), his dome of a forehead, a great elephant of a woman, a jewel of an assistant, a kitten of a girl, a lamb of a temper（像羔羊般驯服的脾气）, a love of a ring (一枚极可爱的戒指), a poem of a hotel (一个像诗一般幽雅的旅馆), that rascal of a landlord, her tyrant of a father
|
||||
|
||||
注意 a...of a...里的两个名词不可互调，如 a boy of a girl 是“一个男孩子似的女孩子”，a girl of a boy 是“一个女孩子似的男孩子”，意思各不相同。
|
||||
|
||||
23. a（或 an）通常用在一般形容词的前面，如 *a beautiful* garden，但也有几个例外。a（或 an）该用在 what、such 和 many 三个形容词的后面。
|
||||
|
||||
例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *What a* beautiful garden! *such a* garden, *many a* garden
|
||||
|
||||
假使形容词前面有 how, however, as, so 或 too，那末 a（或 an）也用在这形容词的后面。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *how beautiful a* garden, *however beautiful a* garden, *as beautiful a* garden as I ever saw, *so beautiful a* garden, *too beautiful a* garden
|
||||
|
||||
*a so beautiful* garden 和 *a too beautiful* garden 这种结构也有，但不很自然。似乎 a so beautiful garden 比 a too beautiful garden 更不自然。当代英国作家 William Somerset Maugham 的 *On a Chinese Screen* 的 Romance 一篇里有 somewhat Ouidaesque a fashion，当然极不普通。
|
||||
|
||||
假使形容词前面有 no less，那末 a（或 an）用在 no less 的前面或这形容词的后面都可以。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a no less beautiful* garden, *no less beautiful* a garden 前者比后者自然。假使后面加上 than yours，than this 等，改作 a garden no less beautiful than...就更自然些。
|
||||
|
||||
假使形容词前面有 no more，那末 a（或 an）就用在 no more 的前面，如 *a no more beautiful* garden。不过 *no more beautiful a* garden 这种结构也有。
|
||||
|
||||
假使形容词前面有 more 或 less（不是 no more 或 no less），那末 a（或 an）就用在 more 或 less 的前面，如 *a more*（或 *less*）*beautiful* garden。上面所说 no less 里的 less 是副词，no less *a* person than... 中的 less 是形容词，作“较不重要”解，a 的位置不可改动。
|
||||
|
||||
24. a（或 an）可以用在 quite 和 rather 的前面，也可以用在它们的后面。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a quite big* dog, *quite a big* dog,
|
||||
- *a rather big* dog, *rather a big* dog
|
||||
|
||||
在口语里 quite a（或 an）...和 rather a（或 an）...比 a quite...和 a rather...普通。
|
||||
|
||||
注意 big 和 dog 总是连在一起，不该说：
|
||||
|
||||
- *quite big* a dog, *rather big* a dog
|
||||
|
||||
25. 就普通语法讲，*a* black and *a* white dog 是“一只黑狗和一只白狗”，*a* black and white dog 是“一只黑白花狗”，*a* journalist and *an* author 是“一个新闻记者和一个作家”，*a* journalist and author 是“一个新闻记者兼作家”。
|
||||
|
||||
但事实上为了加强语气，也有用两个 a（或 an），一个 a 和一个 an，或一个 an 和一个 a 而指一个人的。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- He has become *a* sadder and *a* wiser man.
|
||||
- He is *a* journalist and *an* author.
|
||||
|
||||
也有虽然只用一个 a（或 an）而指两个人的。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *A* man and woman are walking arm-in-arm.
|
||||
- *A* boy and girl are playing together.
|
||||
|
||||
但假使具有相对立的意思，便该用两个 a（或 an），一个 a 和一个 an，或一个 an 和一个 a。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *A* man and *a* woman may not always agree on such a question.
|
||||
|
||||
明明两件东西而通常配成一件的，只用一个 a（或 an）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a* knife and fork, *a* cup and saucer, *a* needle and thread, *a* coat and tie, *a* short beard and moustache, *a* swimming head and parched throat
|
||||
|
||||
26. 在两个或两个以上的名词连用的场合，通常不用 a（或 an）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- We are brother and sister.
|
||||
- He was printer, publisher, and editor before 1949.
|
||||
- This room is study, bedroom, and sitting room all in one.
|
||||
- This article is meant to appear in newspaper or magazine.
|
||||
- Like father, like son. （有其父必有其子。——谚语）
|
||||
- Diamond cut diamond. （旗鼓相当。）
|
||||
- Dog eat dog. （同类相残。）
|
||||
|
||||
27. 假使把 though he is a child 里的 child 放在开首，a 便该去掉，作 child though he is。child as he is 有同样的意思，也不该有 a。
|
||||
|
||||
28. 下面两句里都有 a：
|
||||
|
||||
- *A* baby never sat so gracefully.
|
||||
- Did *a* baby ever sit so gracefully?
|
||||
|
||||
假使把 never 或 ever 放在 baby 的前面，通常把 a 去掉。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- Never did baby sit so gracefully.
|
||||
- Did ever baby sit so gracefully?
|
||||
|
||||
never a...作 no...解，不过语气强些，a 决不可省。例如：He found *never a* baby there. 这里的 never 并不指时间。
|
||||
|
||||
29. He is *a* scholar 等句子里的 a（或 an）当然不可省去，但注意下面各句里都不用 a（或 an）：
|
||||
|
||||
- He is artist enough to appreciate these pictures.
|
||||
- Surely you are scholar enough to read this old book.
|
||||
- I was fool enough to believe him.
|
||||
|
||||
这里 artist, scholar 和 fool 前面都不用 a（或 an），因为后面加上了 enough，把这些名词抽象化了。
|
||||
|
||||
30. *A Tale of Two Cities* 里有 A，但说 Dickens's *A Tale of Two Cities* 或 Dickens's *Tale of Two Cities* 都可以。the *Tale of Two Cities* that I bought yesterday 里不可在 Tale 前面加上 A。
|
||||
|
||||
31. 上面所讲到的 a（或 an）的省略，可说都跟语法有关，都是一般的用法。还有为了节省空间、时间、金钱或精力，或为了引起注意力，而省去 a（或 an）的，主要有下面各种情况：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 报纸标题：
|
||||
- (A) New Book by E. G. Flynn (当代美国进步女作家) Published.
|
||||
- (A) Noted Scientist to Make (a) Report on (an) Important Invention at (a) Local Technical School.
|
||||
2. 工商业文件：
|
||||
- (A) Copy of the booklet is enclosed.
|
||||
- (A) Duplicate of this letter will be sent to the management.
|
||||
3. 广告：
|
||||
- (A) Fully furnished flat to let.
|
||||
- (A) Secondhand typewriter wanted.
|
||||
4. 电报：
|
||||
- (A) Girl born today.
|
||||
- Brother away on (a) visit.
|
||||
5. 公告：
|
||||
- (A) School Ahead.
|
||||
- (An) Exit.
|
||||
6. 日记：
|
||||
- Attended (a) lecture on IT technology.
|
||||
- Got (a) long letter from James.
|
||||
7. 非正式信札：
|
||||
- Hope to send you (a) picture of the Lake soon.
|
||||
- Could you let me have (a) summary of the story?
|
||||
8. 注释和定义：
|
||||
- Fleet Street: (A) Famous old London street, now the location of many newspaper offices, often used allusively for the English press.
|
||||
- landscape: (A) Piece of land scenery.
|
||||
|
||||
32. few 和 *a* few 不同。few 是“很少”，有“几乎没有”的意思。*a* few 是“若干”，有“颇有几个”的意思。但两种表达方式的不同，不在于实际数目的大小，却在于说话者的语意。如一篇作文里有三个错误，要是你说 There are *few* mistakes in it，你在说它“错误很少”，便是说它好。要是你说 There are *a few* mistakes in it，你在说它“有若干错误”，便是说它不好。可以说 few, or perhaps none 和 a few, or perhaps many。注意 only a few 却等于 few，也是“很少”的意思。
|
||||
|
||||
little 和 *a* little 的不同，相当于 few 和 *a* few 的不同。如 *little* trouble 是“很少麻烦”或“几乎没有麻烦”，*a little* trouble 是“若干麻烦”或“颇有些麻烦”。
|
||||
|
||||
33. 下面各种表达方式里都有 half a（或 half an）：
|
||||
|
||||
- half a mile, half a month, half an inch, half an hour, half a bottle, half a cup, half a dozen, half a million
|
||||
|
||||
在这种用法里，把 half 看作形容词或看作名词后面省去 of 都可以。但不论 half 是形容词还是名词，a 总是冠词，所以下面各种表达方式里的 a 或 an 照理都该去掉：
|
||||
|
||||
- that half *a* mile, this half *a* month, another half *an* inch, the next half *an* hour, my half *a* dozen
|
||||
|
||||
不过这个多余的 a（或 an）事实上很常见，因为 half a...或 half an...用得很多，好似成为一个单位了。甚至有人说 a half an hour。
|
||||
上面所举的 half a mile, half a month 等表达方式里的 half a（或 half an）英美通用。但在美国也往往用 a half。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- *a half* mile, *a half* month, *a half* inch, *a half* hour
|
||||
|
||||
a half 在英国也用，但不用在表示距离、时间、数量等的词的前面。如不说 a half mile, a half month 等，却说 a half length, a half share, a half conviction 等。
|
||||
|
||||
...and a half 和...and a half...两种表达方式意思相同，如 two miles and a half 和 two and a half miles 都是“两英里半”。这两种表达方式是英美通用的。即使在英国也并没有 two miles and *half a* mile, two and *half a* mile 或 two and *half a* miles 的结构。
|
||||
|
||||
把 two miles and a half 跟 two and a half miles 比较起来，前者好些，因为 a half miles 读起来似乎很不自然。就时间讲，先有前者，后有后者，后者是从miles 这种写法产生出来的。同样地，a foot and a quarter 比 one and a quarter feet 好些。
|
||||
|
||||
上面说过，that half *a* mile 等表达方式里的 a 照理该去掉。下面各种表达方式里的 a 照理也该去掉：
|
||||
|
||||
- those two miles and *a* half,
|
||||
- those two and *a* half miles,
|
||||
- the foot and *a* quarter,
|
||||
- the one and *a* quarter feet
|
||||
|
||||
但习惯上这种多用的 a 可说是不可少的，省去了反而觉得不自然。
|
||||
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ The Oxford 5000 is an expanded core word list for advanced learners of English.
|
||||
|
||||
## G
|
||||
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| :------------------ | :------------------------------ | :----------------- |
|
||||
| gallon *n.* C1 | glance *n.*, *v.* C1 | gravity *n.* C1 |
|
||||
| gambling *n.* C1 | glimpse *n.* C1 | greatly *adv.* B2 |
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ date: 2023-04-08 00:04:11
|
||||
- change
|
||||
- …
|
||||
- **phrases**
|
||||
- pitch
|
||||
- have perfect pitch
|
||||
|
||||
{% endnote %}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user