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- & 只是一个符号,因为它的名称是 ampersand,读音作[ˈæmpəsænd],所以前面该用 an。
据有些语法书说,以[h]音开首而没有重音的音节前面该用 an,如 an historian,不作 a historian。这规则现在可说不成立了(虽然还有人——尤其是英国人——遵守着),现在尽可用 a,用 an 反嫌不自然。例如:
据有些语法书说,以[h]音开首而没有重音的音节前面该用 an,如 ~~an historian~~,不作 a historian。这规则现在可说不成立了(虽然还有人——尤其是英国人——遵守着),现在尽可用 a,用 an 反嫌不自然。例如:
a habitual smile, a heroic act, a historian, a hotel, a hypothesis
- a habitual smile, a heroic act, a historian, a hotel, a hypothesis
有些英国人,在以[juː]或[jʊ]音开首的词(如 eulogy, euphonic, European, university, united 和 usual)前面,用 an 而不用 a,在以[h]音开首的词(如 hero, history, hospital, hundred 和 hymn)前面也用 an 而不用 a,在 one 前面也用 an 而不用 a,这种人似乎现在比以前少了。
2. 哪个名词前面可以用 a(或 an),哪个名词前面不可用 a(或 an)呢?
一般说来,可数名词前面可以用 a(或 an),不可数名词前面不可用 a(或 an),如可以说 a healthy boy,却不可说 a health,可以说 a chair,却不可说 a furniture。但事实并不这样简单。所谓“可数”和“不可数”,要看那个词的正确意思而定,不可根据它的普通汉译。
一般说来,可数名词前面可以用 a(或 an),不可数名词前面不可用 a(或 an),如可以说 a healthy boy,却不可说 ~~a health~~,可以说 a chair,却不可说 ~~a furniture~~。但事实并不这样简单。所谓“可数”和“不可数”,要看那个词的正确意思而定,不可根据它的普通汉译。
- 如不可说 a fun, an information,却可以说 a pastime, a knowledge。
- 如不可说 ~~a fun~~, ~~an information~~,却可以说 a pastime, a knowledge。
- 又如 dance, hurry, interest, kiss 等词前面都可以用 a(或 an)。
- 又如 with child(有孕的),in class(在教室里),take horse(上马),send word(通知)等习语里都不可用 a(或 an)。但 at a loss(不知所措的),with a view to(以……为目的),on an average(作为平均数),take a fancy to(喜欢)等习语里的 a(或 an)都是少不得的。这些都应该从习惯,不是几条规则所能包括得了的。
一般说来,有复数形式的名词前面可以用 a(或 an),无复数形式的名词前面不可用 a(或 an)。如 boy 和 laugh 有复数形式 boys 和 laughs,所以可以说 *a* boy 和 *a* laugh,completion 和 laughter 无复数形式,所以不可说 *a* completion 和 *a* laughter。但有些在习惯上无复数形式的名词,前面却往往也用 a(或 an)。这大概有下面四种情况:
一般说来,有复数形式的名词前面可以用 a(或 an),无复数形式的名词前面不可用 a(或 an)。如 boy 和 laugh 有复数形式 boys 和 laughs,所以可以说 *a* boy 和 *a* laugh,completion 和 laughter 无复数形式,所以不可说 ~~*a* completion~~ 和 ~~*a* laughter~~。但有些在习惯上无复数形式的名词,前面却往往也用 a(或 an)。这大概有下面四种情况:
1. 多少有些抽象性的。例如:
@@ -308,9 +308,9 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
4. a(或 an)有时有(1)“一个而并不是那所要的一个”或(2)“任何一个”的意思。例如:
- I was expecting to hear from my father. I got *a* letter indeed, but it was from a friend.(1)
- I was expecting to hear from my father. I got *a* letter indeed, but it was from a friend. (1)
- I wanted to read *a* book, I did not care whether it was a history, a novel, or a biography.(2)
- I wanted to read *a* book, I did not care whether it was a history, a novel, or a biography. (2)
在这种用法里,a(或 an)该特别重读。
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
8. a(或 an)通常不可用在 only 的前面,也不可用在属于最高级的词的前面。
如不可说 *an only* house, *a best* essay, *a greatest* poet, *a longest* street,但尽可说 *an only* son(一个独生子),*a best* seller(一本畅销书),*a best* man(一个男傧相),*a first* night(某剧的第一夜表演)。因为这些已经成为习惯了。
如不可说 ~~*an only* house~~, ~~*a best* essay~~, ~~*a greatest* poet~~, ~~*a longest* street~~,但尽可说 *an only* son(一个独生子),*a best* seller(一本畅销书),*a best* man(一个男傧相),*a first* night(某剧的第一夜表演)。因为这些已经成为习惯了。
a 用在副词 most 前面是很普通的,如 *a most* happy life 和 *a most* learned man。但该注意这里的 most 并不真正属于最高级,它的意思跟 very 相仿。
@@ -426,9 +426,9 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
所以不可说:
- *a* no small value, *a* no mean city, no such *a* man, no other *a* person than...
- ~~*a* no small value~~, ~~*a* no mean city~~, ~~no such *a* man~~, ~~no other *a* person than...~~
a no mean city 是不可说的,但 a no meaner city 是可以说的,no mean*er* 里的 no 是副词,修饰 meaner,并不等于 not a,所以前面用 a。
~~a no mean city~~ 是不可说的,但 a no meaner city 是可以说的,no mean*er* 里的 no 是副词,修饰 meaner,并不等于 not a,所以前面用 a。
比较:
@@ -477,13 +477,15 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
20. a(或 an)是“一”,one 也是“一”,在用法上有下面几点该注意:
1. 固定习语里的 a(或 an)和 one 不可调换。如 once upon *a* time(从前有一次)和 *one* day(有一天)里的 a 和 one 不可互换。*an* hour or two(一二小时,若干小时)和 *one* or two hours 里的 an 和 one 不可互换。to *a* man(全体地)不可改作 to *one* man。*one* man *one* vote(每人投一票)不可改作 *a* man *a* vote。但“一个……还是两个”可以说 one...or two。例如:Do you spell 'traveller' with *one* '1' *or two*?
1. 固定习语里的 a(或 an)和 one 不可调换。如 once upon *a* time(从前有一次)和 *one* day(有一天)里的 a 和 one 不可互换。*an* hour or two(一二小时,若干小时)和 *one* or two hours 里的 an 和 one 不可互换。to *a* man(全体地)不可改作 to *one* man。*one* man *one* vote(每人投一票)不可改作 ~~*a* man *a* vote~~。但“一个……还是两个”可以说 one...or two。例如:Do you spell 'traveller' with *one* '1' *or two*?
注意下面每组里的两句意思相同,但用了 *a* 该有 on,用了 *one* 没有 on:
> - *On a* warm day a stranger came to see me.
> - *One* warm day a stranger came to see me.
</br>
> - The ship sank *on a* stormy night.
> - The ship sank *one* stormy night.
@@ -496,6 +498,8 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
> - more than *a* year (比一年多些,如一年又三个月)
> - more than *one* year (不止一个年头,如两年或三年)
</br>
> - more than *a* decade (比十年多些,如十一年或十二年)
> - more than *one* decade (不止一个十年,如二十年或三十年)
@@ -550,7 +554,7 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
注意:
1. 这种结构现在少用。
2. 只用于经常的事,不用于一次的事,如不可说 The old man died of a morning。
2. 只用于经常的事,不用于一次的事,如不可说 ~~The old man died of a morning~~。
22. 由 a...of a...构成一种习语。
@@ -589,7 +593,7 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
注意 big 和 dog 总是连在一起,不该说:
- *quite big* a dog, *rather big* a dog
- ~~*quite big* a dog~~, ~~*rather big* a dog~~
25. 就普通语法讲,*a* black and *a* white dog 是“一只黑狗和一只白狗”,*a* black and white dog 是“一只黑白花狗”,*a* journalist and *an* author 是“一个新闻记者和一个作家”,*a* journalist and author 是“一个新闻记者兼作家”。
@@ -648,20 +652,20 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
31. 上面所讲到的 a(或 an)的省略,可说都跟语法有关,都是一般的用法。还有为了节省空间、时间、金钱或精力,或为了引起注意力,而省去 a(或 an)的,主要有下面各种情况:
1. 报纸标题:
- (A) New Book by E. G. Flynn (当代美国进步女作家) Published.
- (A) Noted Scientist to Make (a) Report on (an) Important Invention at (a) Local Technical School.
- \(A\) New Book by E. G. Flynn (当代美国进步女作家) Published.
- \(A\) Noted Scientist to Make (a) Report on (an) Important Invention at (a) Local Technical School.
2. 工商业文件:
- (A) Copy of the booklet is enclosed.
- (A) Duplicate of this letter will be sent to the management.
- \(A\) Copy of the booklet is enclosed.
- \(A\) Duplicate of this letter will be sent to the management.
3. 广告:
- (A) Fully furnished flat to let.
- (A) Secondhand typewriter wanted.
- \(A\) Fully furnished flat to let.
- \(A\) Secondhand typewriter wanted.
4. 电报:
- (A) Girl born today.
- \(A\) Girl born today.
- Brother away on (a) visit.
5. 公告:
- (A) School Ahead.
- (An) Exit.
- \(A\) School Ahead.
- \(An\) Exit.
6. 日记:
- Attended (a) lecture on IT technology.
- Got (a) long letter from James.
@@ -669,8 +673,8 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
- Hope to send you (a) picture of the Lake soon.
- Could you let me have (a) summary of the story?
8. 注释和定义:
- Fleet Street: (A) Famous old London street, now the location of many newspaper offices, often used allusively for the English press.
- landscape: (A) Piece of land scenery.
- Fleet Street: \(A\) Famous old London street, now the location of many newspaper offices, often used allusively for the English press.
- landscape: \(A\) Piece of land scenery.
32. few 和 *a* few 不同。few 是“很少”,有“几乎没有”的意思。*a* few 是“若干”,有“颇有几个”的意思。但两种表达方式的不同,不在于实际数目的大小,却在于说话者的语意。如一篇作文里有三个错误,要是你说 There are *few* mistakes in it,你在说它“错误很少”,便是说它好。要是你说 There are *a few* mistakes in it,你在说它“有若干错误”,便是说它不好。可以说 few, or perhaps none 和 a few, or perhaps many。注意 only a few 却等于 few,也是“很少”的意思。
@@ -710,4 +714,4 @@ a house with very steep sides that meet at the top in the shape of the letter A
2. Margaret Deuter, Jennifer Bradbery, Joanna Turnbull. *牛津高阶英汉双解词典,第 9 版.* 商务印书馆, 2018.
3. 葛传椝. *葛传槼英语惯用法词典.* 上海译文出版社, 2012.
3. 葛传槼. *葛传槼英语惯用法词典.* 上海译文出版社, 2012.